Identify Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

Communication can be hard when people speak different languages or use sign language, and it can become frustrating when you don’t understand what a person is saying. Barriers can occur when people find it hard to pass on or receive information because of impairment such as being death or bind which is quite common impairments. If a person is ill or feeling emotional this can also affect the way they communicate as they may be to upset and unable to get the right words out. At times service providers jargon can also be a barrier when they use big technical words to describe something and we are unsure of the term. The same can happen with young people and their slang words for instance, I have came across young people describe say a film as being sick, but to my misunderstanding they actually thought the film was really good so in this case the word sick means good, this is an example of a word meaning something totally different to what you believe it means. The environment y ou are in can also become a barrier to communication in certain circumstances such as, a wheelchair user not being able to see a shop keeper or receptionist as the counter is too high or a person with poor vision not being able to read signs as they are too small, faded or have words missing. So there can be a lot off barriers to overcome when trying to communicate effectively.

Transcript of A Moonlight Fable by H.G. Wells Essay

A Moonlight Fable H.G.Wells Background Beginning Middle Ending Ending Cont. Middle Cont. Symbols H.G. Wells was an English author in the science fiction genre. He is known as the â€Å"Father of Science Fiction.† He began studying in biology and soon wrote novels on the Darwinian theory. Wells is known for his haunting and unpredictable stories. A mother sews a suit for her son and he loves it so much he wants to wear it all the time. His mother insists that he keeps it safely locked away until a special day. He adored it so much that he dreamt about it, but would only wear it once a week. His mother let him wear the suit as long as the buttons were covered in tissue so they wouldn’t tarnish.The boy was attentive to the buttons and saw them getting duller, which caused him anxiety. On night, when the moonlight shined through the window, the boy finds the urge to put the suit on. He tears all of the tissues and protective items off. He hurries out of his house and into his mother’s garden in the suit. He runs carelessly through the garden letting the thorns rip the jacket. He then runs into the duck pond and swims around. After swimming in the pond, he sees a moth and lets it fly around his head. He chases it and falls into a pit without noticing. The next morning, he is found dead at the bottom of the pit. Moonlight-Opportunity to change When the moonlight the story, the man begins to venture into wearing his suit The moonlight in the garden drives him to run through the thorns Buttons-Hopes and happiness Throughout the story, his happiness is suppressed and hidden like the buttons When he takes of the tissue, he is liberated and can finally be happy Garden- freedom In the garden, the boy is happiest and can be free When he dies in the lake, he is smiling showing that he was finally free and happy Symbols Cont. Setting & Characters Characters: the young boy and his mom Setting: In their home and church, not time is specified, most significant occurrences are during the night Important Quotations â€Å"It seemed to him the moonlight was not common moonlight, nor the night a common night, and for a while he lay quite drowsily with this odd persuasion in his mind.† â€Å"He did not care, for he knew it was all part of the wearing for which he had longed.† â€Å"‘Do you think my clothes are beautiful, dear moth? As  beautiful as your scales and all this silver vesture of the earth and sky?'† A Moonlight Fable By AYESHANUML90 | May 2013 Page 1 of 2 Summary and analysis of A Moonlight Fable by HGWells? Literature and Language Questions Answers.com > Wiki Answers > Categories > Literature & Language * Coke KahaniA story of our lives, happiness & togetherness, on your TV Screens.www.facebook.com/cocacola * FablesFind, Create, Share Infos With Attrakt Custom Searchwww.attrakt.com/ Ads Best Answer In this short story by H.G. Wells, a young man loves a suit that his mother sews for him. He loves this suit so much, he wants to wear it all the time. His mother however insists he keep the suit safely packed away until his wedding day. It was green and gold and woven so that I cannot describe how delicate and fine it was, and there was a tie of orange fluffiness that tied up under his chin. And the buttons in their newness shone like stars. He was proud and pleased by his suit beyond measure, and stood before the long looking-glass when first he put it on, so astonished and delighted with it that he could hardly turn himself away. The boy loved his suit so much that he dreamt about it. He would often take the suit out of it’s storage and admire it. His mother allowed him to wear the suit on Sundays to church, but with tissue covering the buttons so they wouldn’t tarnish and tacked on protective guards on the elbows and cuffs so they wouldn’t tear. Whenever the boy would peek at the buttons under the tissue wrap, he would notice they were becoming duller and duller, and this would cause him anxiety. One night he sees the moonlight shining into his bedroom and he gets out of bed with an urge to put the suit on. He makes up his mind to tear off the protective tissue and guards off the suit. Thought joined on to thought like things that whisper warmly in the shadows. Then he sat up in his little bed suddenly, very alert, with his heart beating very fast and a quiver in his body from top to toe. He had made up his mind. He knew now that he was going to wear his suit as it should be†¦

Mestizaje and Its Critics

A word of many definitions and implications, mestizaje is usually associated with regions that have a history of Spanish or European colonization. It is an issue that has been concealed, denied, and debated upon in the cultural, social, and political sense in these colonized regions. Common issues related to this ideology are racism, racial discrimination, chauvinism, and the like. In this particular paper, the focus group of such ideology would be more on Latin America and the Afro-population or the black since this group mostly experienced the effects of the consequences of such prejudice.  Ariel Dulitzky’s A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America talks about Latin America’s refusal to tackle the issue on racism and racial discrimination. It summarizes the kinds of denials that this region executes to find their way out before or when getting into discussions about the issues mentioned earlier. These denials are categorized in three: lit eral denial, interpretive denial, and justificatory denial.Literal denial, as the name implies, is the rejection of the thought that racism exists.   The government does not acknowledge the presence of â€Å"race†, therefore making the existence of racism null. The second category, interpretive denial has four subcategories. In the first, it is not the color of the skin or the race but the social status of the person/group that is being criticized.   This denial is euphemism.   The next one, legislative, is somewhat related to the first category. It is said that there are no laws made about racial discrimination because there is no need for such for the reason that they don’t segregate the race of people.Some argue that there are very few complaints about discrimination.   Maybe because the public is not aware about laws and sanctions, if there are any, regarding acts of racial discrimination. The third category is denial of responsibility. This is when the gov ernment says that discriminating acts, or whatever they may want to call it, are due to old practices or traditions. The last category is called just isolated events.An explanation of this would be to say that these events of racism eventually happened just at this day and at this time. There is the denial that it, racism, happened in the past, therefore there can be no way that they can be called a racist region. The last category would be justificatory denial. From its root word â€Å"justify†, people who do this either rationalize things or point a finger to the victims themselves. People in control indicate that they belong to a mixed race, thus racial segregation does not exist.Despite all these denials, the Convention Against Racism or the â€Å"Convention† pulled some strings to help these regions and the victims acknowledge that racial discrimination really does exist. Luckily, the effort became an eye opener to others. For the first time, debates about racism were done and more groups were created to protect and implement the Convention’s regulations against racial discrimination.Associated with a region’s ability to discriminate is the huge question about that region’s identity. One article that talks about Latin America’s national and cultural identity is that written by Lourdes Martinez-Echazabal. She discusses the different view points of writers of the same nationality, Cubans, to be particular, pertaining to national identity and racial discrimination together with its effects on people’s actions and beliefs. In the given time, 1845-1959, the Afro-population had been identified with anything negative – the poor, the brainless, the filthy, and the barbaric.As a result of this notion, the end to slave trade was once made in an attempt to stop the multiplication of the Afro-population in Latin America since more black people implied an uncivilized and diseased region that would hinder if not s top the social and cultural development of communities in their region. Some writers thought that crossbreeding with people of lighter complexion was a step towards civilization. They were into making reforms with the colonizers.On the contrary, the other group of writers was after the independence of the region. They do this by not looking at the man’s color to judge his/her moral values or legal status. They use this argument of having a national identity, just one color regardless the mixture of race or color of the skin. Interaction and socialization among different races were encouraged in making a better and enlightened society.To be more particular, an article by Charles Hale focused on this region divided into what they call the ladinos and Mayas, ladinos being the ones with the whiter skin and European mix, and the Indians as the Mayas. As narrated in Hale’s publication, the ladinos used to be the superior group in the past decades, and the Mayas being the inf erior one. Interaction of ladinos with Mayas is prohibited by the ladino elders. As time passed by, there had been some changes in the political and social set up of Guatamela.There were Maya cultural activists that fight for their cultural rights. Some ladinos changed their perspectives about the Mayas by somehow respecting the latter’s religious belief such as the fiesta of their patron saint for a start. Racism was definitely gearing towards the Mayas, but due to the number in population with the Mayas taking up considerably the higher percentage of the population, the ladinos started to become confused if they really are the reigning race.The people interviewed by Hale were still hesitant, somehow, when asked about the cultural discrimination against the Mayans. Their answers were unsure maybe because there is no certainty on the cultural development of their region. Confused answers to simple cultural questions were provided. Confused people with confused cultural belief s would definitely result to complications in interest and one confused country.It is amazing how these writers distort ideas and beliefs. From the denial, to the national identity, to the confused region, now, we have another twist of things about mestizaje and cultural and national identity. Saldaà ±a-Portillo’s arguments, still, are about mestizaje and how particular regions react to it. In her publication, mestizaje is promoted as a step towards citizenship, towards establishment of national culture. In the past reviews, it is usually the â€Å"whites† dominating or taking over the â€Å"blacks†.However in this case, it is still true that Indians are viewed as a sign of an uncivilized community, but some things are viewed the differently. Not that these Indians literally taking over the region and the government, but these colonizers, the Spanish and the Europeans, actually being taken over by the Indians in other perspectives. It is about the women coloniz ers and the Indian men, Spanish not being the first language, and a biological trace in history.Discussion about women having their roles and rights in the community, for the first time, were mentioned and discussed upon for these â€Å"rights† might be at odds with their group’s statute. Ethnic groups were also given right to the land they lived on. Regardless these new points that might unite certain regions, mestizaje would remain to be seen as these regions accept one another regardless the race, the face, or the beliefs.I must admit that racial discrimination, despite all the efforts to avoid and fight it, still exists up to this day. There are similarities in situations in these articles. These readings are mostly about the search and battle for cultural and national identity mostly of people in the Latin American region. The Afro-population or the â€Å"black† as others would commonly label their group, is often, if not mostly deprived of access to proper ty, media, and means of production. I agree when they say that you shouldn’t judge a book by its cover. It’s the same with people – don’t judge a person by his color because a person is more than just the color of his skin or the details of his face. There is the spirit. There are the values.Maybe the good thing about classifying people is when they are proud to be of that race not because they are whiter or taller, but because people from their region, their race has done something good and inspiring that effect people of other race or region. It is when that person is proud to be of that race because his people have helped so many deprived others. But how often do these things happen? How often does a person become proud because he has â€Å"Indian† features? This is one proof that racial discrimination has been in existentfor so long that it has been part of our practices and to think and establish such notions.Generalization should be avoided b ecause this starts the heating debate and fight about discrimination. Every human being is different, unique. It just so happened that he/she possesses such features, that he/she was born on that region. Nevertheless, that person is no different from you and me. Mestizaje has affected so many races, if not all of them, that it actually is a part of life, of history, of the lives even of the first people on earth.. It is inevitable because it is human nature socialize, and interact.The good thing about the present is having institutions against racism, acknowledgment of the problem, and awareness that the system applies sanctions to violators because it does not tolerate such prejudice. It is good to know that with these things, we need not be afraid for our children and our children’s children because there are people to protect them and fight for them. However, when can we really say that we, our children, and the coming generations would be free from hatred? From prejudice? From undergoing the inequality we had been experiencing since time immemorial? When?Works CitedDulitzky, Ariel. A Region in Denial: Racial Discrimination and Racism in Latin America†, Neither Enemies Nor Friends: Latinos, Blacks, Afro-Latinos. Ed. A. Dziedzienyo and S. Oboler. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. pp.39-60.Hale, Charles. â€Å"Travel Warning: Elite Appropriations of Hybridity, Mestizaje, Antiracism, Equality, and Other Progressive-sounding Discourses in High Land Guatamela.† Journal of American Folklore. 112. 445 (Summer 1999): 297-315.Martinez-Echazabal, Lourdes. â€Å"Mestizaje and the Discourse of National/Cultural Identity in Latin America, 1845-1959.† Latin American Perspectives. 100 vols. 25.3 (May 1998). 21-42.Saldaà ±a-Portillo, Josefina. â€Å"Who’s the Indian in Aztlan? Re-Writing Mestizaje, Indianism, and Chicanismo from Lacandon.† The Latin American Subaltern Studies Reader. Ed. I.Rodriguez. NC: Duke University Press, 20 01. pp.402-423.

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

TNA - Navy Federal Credit Union Part II - Essay Example It was also identified that employees struggle with situations where they need to inform inquiring customers of information about the company that they least know about. This kind of unexpected performance can be associated with the lack of certain working techniques that are expected of employees servicing any financial institution. After research and extensive study, it was identified that an objective training program could instrumentally work towards generating desired worker qualifications at the federation. Allison Rossett and Lisa Schafer-2012 in Job Aids and Performance Support, cite objective training as a possible solution for under-performance of otherwise qualified employees (Rossett & Schafer, 2007). The actual performance of employees dictates the overall performance of a company. However, there is a set level of individual performance that is expected of employees at a company. This expected level of performance is rarely achieved. When the Actual performance is lower than the expected performance at whatever level of delivery, a performance Gap that is relatively more specific is normally created. This performance gap is a measure of the difference between the expected performance and the actual performance levels of a company. On an average scale, most of the tellers at Navy Union are giving in lesser input per day and this can be associated with customer relations and PR conditions at the company. The company’s Money’s and customer relations training program w ill work toward increasing the referrals of the tellers and generally raising their confidence levels when dealing with customers that creates an expected â€Å"good† name of the company (Blanchard& Thacker, 2010). After the identification of the performance gap and settling on training as a solution, the Navy Union could now provide its employees with a set of expected outcomes of the training so that when they go into the training program, they are aware

Course Project-Research Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course Project-Research Proposal - Assignment Example to be protected by their respective governments from such fraudulent individuals but they also have a responsibility to take all the necessary precautionary measures to minimize their exposure to identity theft. 1) Having one’s identity taken away by individuals with wrong motive is one of the most difficult things for the individual to deal with. It could interpret to inability to pay bills or even worse, inability to obtain credit besides exposing the person to more destructive eventualities. 2) Although am not an expert in the field of identity theft, it is self-evident that everybody is a potential victim of such occurrences. This implies that it is necessary for all to be equipped with the appropriate information on how to deal with such modern realities. Through the exploration of some experts’ work within the field of identity theft, I am able to establish my credibility in responding to the issues surrounding identity theft. Such experts include Saleh (2013), Mulig, Smith and Stambaugh (2014), and Biegelman (2002). 2) My secondary audience will be my professor in this course as well as fellow classmates, some of whom have been victims of identity theft and who would desire greater exposure on precautionary measures to protect themselves from such future recurrences. 3) Except for some few individuals who believe there is nothing much one can do to protect themselves from identity thieves, majority of my audiences share in my school of thought that it is possible to create a wall between oneself and such fraudulent individuals. From exploration of a number of literatures, it is evident that identity theft is often a crime of opportunity, which implies that precautionary measures can go a long way in reducing risks. Most of the attacks have been made possible because of negligence and loopholes created by the victims themselves, thus they have a significant role to play in ensuring that they are safe. It is a fact that both technology and hackers

Globalisation and British Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalisation and British Politics - Essay Example In terms of the political aspect in one country, the idea of globalisation or creation of a world government was first described by Dante Alighieri, an Italian writer in the 14th century, as a centralised global constitution governing laws which promotes international peace and order. Oppositions however argued against international understanding wherein the authority and command of a government within its jurisdiction especially in terms of environment and economics will be influenced by external control (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2003). The word globalisation had been used to offer clarification, significance and knowledge about the essential characteristics of new age capitalism (Murphy, 1994). It suggests several discrete processes and developments which involves the international level and joins them into one centrally dominant procedure of change. Substantial interest focuses on the practical application of information technology into the procedure of production with the simultaneous action in the process of changing the administration, system and communications which is at the commercial, communal and state levels. Giddens (1997) cited that effects of globalisation are not exclusively consistent. He argued that the 1997 British general elections which resulted in an overwhelming electoral victory but a surprising downfall in turnout. He credited this as an outcome of decline in belief, trust, and assurance of the people to the elected officials in institutions or government agencies.... the situation on the global aspect that is constantly remoulded and reformed by current trends brought about by globalisation in the political economy displacing the traditional sovereignty of a nation or state. On the other hand, the sceptics argue about the certainty and basis of the gathered facts from previous experiments and observations since these global flows are in itself doubtful claiming a world without limits in terms of globalisation simply stating there had been no occurrence of change. When talking about the extent of the operation of globalisation, one sees it to be the unavoidable consequent flow of economy, information and technology, and people and interplay of their role in a single huge global market. Furthermore, Giddens stated that the term in itself spread to almost every parts of the world which came from nowhere. Regarding with the distribution of globalisation in terms of capital flows, it should be noted that its flow courses unidirectional from the top co nsisting mainly of those capable of investments down to consumers which pay for the other’s investment returns. Experiencing globalisation is more empowering to the capitalists but otherwise to the consumers of goods and services hence, inequality. Giddens asserted that nowadays, globalisation is nearly not worth mentioning since its extension has merely molded us of what we are today (Giddens, 1997). Globalisation in British Politics Globalisation implicitly decides and influences the boundaries of social knowledge which political subjects are incapable of controlling thus making them lame before the face of changes. Additionally, through the radicals’ perspective, globalisation has been considered as part of the common sense of human being and is accepted to occur as the way how

How organizations or manager effectively to use structural and Essay

How organizations or manager effectively to use structural and transactional approaches to prevent or alleviate the stress at work - Essay Example These refer to the psychosocial working conditions in the work place that cause individual stress and negative emotional experience in the workplace. The best explanation of this approach is the Karasek’s Demand-Control Model which explains that when the job demands are high and control over the outcome is low, the individual is highly stressed and especially over the performance outcome. When the demands of the job are low and the control is low as well, the job is passive. This is equally similar to when the demands are low and the control is high as the worker will still experience low strain and hence minimal stress (Barley, Meyerson & Grodal, 2011). In order to prevent this type of stress, it is important to balance the demand even if the control will still be high. This will mean providing a work-life balance which will minimize the demand as well as handle employee relations effectively while still balancing the issue of increased computerization in the workplace which is not only demanding but draining and controlling (Barley, Meyerson & Grodal, 2011). This is the approach which deals purely with the psychological mechanisms and stressors. According to this approach, work stress is caused majorly by psychological issues such as the process of appraisal, decision making and even lack of coping mechanisms in each and every employee. It is the work environment that demands a lot from an individual leading to threatening their psychological well-being and hence hindering performance. In order to alleviate work place stress identified by this approach, it is important to identify which are the psychological stressors in the work place first. Other than those mentioned above of decision making and appraisal, others include the emotional demands of the work which are likely to cause emotional breakdown which is psychological. There is also the workplace violence, harassment, bullying or even discrimination that is directed towards

A short paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A short paper - Essay Example The French were the first Europeans to settle in what later became the Canadian province of Quebec and to appease the population after their humiliating defeat by the British in the 1700s, they were granted certain rights including the retention of their religion, judicial and educational systems. These rights were maintained when Canada moved from colonial status to an independent democracy in 1867. While there are pockets of French heritage settlements in the rest of Canada, most are in Quebec province where they constitute the majority of the population. Unfortunately the classical French educational system with its’ close ties to the Roman Catholic church and lack of business orientation, was ill equipped to prepare students for business management positions so that in the industrial revolution most were relegated to low skill work serving Anglophone managers imported from the rest of Canada and had few prospects for advancement. Naturally this situation created resentment which was expressed in the formation of a political party dedicated to separation from the rest of Canada and a more militant group (the FLQ) . When this group escalated their activities from blowing up mail boxes and other symbols of alleged Anglophone authority to the kidnap of a British diplomat and the murder of a Quebec cabinet minister, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau stepped in with the army to prevent an armed insurrection. However, people of Quebec were allowed to vote twice in referendums to express their desire whether to separate or remain within Canada, with the pledge that the majority wish would be respected and if separation was chosen there would be no military action and negotiations would commence for an equitable division of the country’s assets and liabilities. While in both cases the majority voted to remain in Canada, one was very close. Trudeau, although a

Disorder Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disorder Paper - Essay Example The patient sees her thin body as fat. The patient starves oneself until the body weight dangerously drops lower than the normal weight of the average person, in accordance with one’s height. The psychological problem occurs when the patients starve themselves by taking only water diets, just like what Karen Carpenter did. The body is deprived of its need for solid food. With Karen Carpenter’s death, eating problems, such as Anorexia Nervosa, was scrutinized and well discussed in the press and in society (Lucas, 2004). The patient must do what society requires (to be thin) in order to be accepted (Simpson, 2002). Alexander Lucas (Lucas, 2004;3) emphasized â€Å"Hilde Bruch called anorexia nervosa a new disease that selectively befalls the young, the rich, and the beautiful. The widespread publicity that revolved around the disease—anorexia nervosa—in the 1970s awakened us to its existence and made it seem that an epidemic had begun. Some anorexic women are indeed rich and beautiful.† The author mentioned patients of the emotionally dysfunctional Anorexia Nervosa eating disorder include teenage girls living in a family having average income (Goozen, 2004). Many of the patients do not relate beauty with one’s weight. The disorder is third most prevalent chronic illness among teenage women. However the disease also affects women who are older. The disorder cropped up because of society’s impression that â€Å"thin is in†. However, starting one self of nutrition can precipitate to osteoporosis, a bone ailment (Golden, 2010). Further, Helen Malson (1998;112) reiterated â€Å"The thin body thus sustains a multiplicity of meanings and may signify a variety of (often conflicting) subjectivities. The discursive and physical management of the thin/anorexic body and the discursive struggle over its meanings can thus be understood as a management of identity. The

The Idea Behind The Veneration of Relics Research Paper

The Idea Behind The Veneration of Relics - Research Paper Example According to the New Testament, an old woman who had been suffering from a hemorrhage for quite a while found a way out. â€Å"Seeing Jesus in the crowds, she told herself "I only need to touch the hem of his garment, then I will be healed" and Jesus, who felt the power leave from him, turned to the woman and told her that her faith had healed her† (â€Å"The origin of relics†). Relics are present in almost every religion. Christians, Muslims, and Hindus have their own relics that have huge significance in the historical literature of these religions. Muslims consider the Holy Water of Zam Zam as sacred. It is also considered as an antidepressant. Hindus bathe in the River of Ganges because they believe that doing so would make them free of their sins and would purify their souls. People believe relics to be solutions for their problems as human beings. Relics are considered as the blessings of God Almighty. They are not just objects but are actually means of spiritual revival and enlightenment. For example, the Holy Water is thought to have many positive effects on the people who drink it. The veneration of relics People has huge regard for the relics as they are the belongings or in some way connected to the people they revere. People who possess relics show respect for them in many ways, which include placing the relic at an elevated place in the house and decorating the relic in beautiful and costly frames. Most people feel honored and blessed to have a relic while others are ready to pay any cost to attain one. The veneration of relics has sustained through history as a custom, which originally encouraged people to visit the martyrs’ graves in the reign of the apostles. It was and is still believed that God shows miracles related to the relics. â€Å"In all, relics remind us of the holiness of a saint and his cooperation in God’s work; at the same time, relics inspire us to ask for the prayers of that saint and to beg the grace of God to live the same kinda faith-filled life† (Saunders cited in â€Å"What is a Relic?†). However, some people go so ahead in their veneration for a relic that they overlook the significance of the Creator, whose obedience gave the saint the status that his relics are being preserved by people, and give the relic more importance. This makes it rather a sin. First class relics are composed of a saint’s physical body. It could also be the physical body of any individual whose sainthood cause is meant to be fostered. First class relics can be a range of features in the physical body that include but are not limited to a hair, fragment of a bone or dust collected from the coffin of the saint or the individual. The relic is held in place with the help of melted wax. â€Å"Any relic related to Our Lord is also considered first class. A splinter of the True Cross upon which Our Lord died is an example. The Eucharist is considered the highest first-class relic but it is never housed in a theca† (â€Å"First, Second, & Third†). Rather it is offered as Holy Communion to the people who practice religion.

Purpose and Mission Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Purpose and Mission - Dissertation Example The mission of the proposal is to gain an in-depth understanding and visibility of the marketing concepts. The mission is accomplished and is reflected in the documentation of the report. It does it through three main parts: the first part of the paper includes the product, its equipments and its features evaluate the target group sufficient for this business. The external factors influencing the success of the travel agency. The ways of segmentations, such as demographics, geographic, psychographics and behaviors were applied in order to define the target group. The second part designs a market research study and establishes possible demand and consumer needs for the proposed travel agency. This includes the type of data to be collected, the target population, sample size and method of data collection (quantitative, qualitative). The third part evaluates how the demand patterns for promotional mix(advertising, direct sales promotion) the scheduling and the budget involved in opening the venture and also recommendations were given how those variations can be managed effectively. Finally the report makes short conclusion, by highlighting the scope and limitations of a travel agency in such a place.

Statistics Essay Example for Free

Statistics Essay 1. Age, income, length of labor, return to work and number of hours working per week 2. Mean and standard deviation were used to describe the length of labor. These were appropriate since mean and standard deviation can be calculated on an interval level of measurement. 3. Range could also be used to describe the length of labor since this statistic can be used on interval data with no natural zero point. 4. The distribution of scores was similar for the experimental and control groups for length of labor. The experimental group had a mean of 14.63 hours and the control group had a mean of 12.79 hours which is a difference of less than 2 hours with a SD of 7.78 for experimental and 7.2 for control. 5. The experimental and control groups were similar in the type of feeding. More people fed with a bottle than breast or breast and bottle in the experimental and control group. The percentages in both were lowest for breast and bottle with 6.3% for experimental and 5.6% for control. 6. Married was the marital status mode for the experimental group and control group since it was the largest group. The frequency and percentage are 25 and 78.1% for the experimental group and 31 and 86.1% for the control group who are married. 7. Yes a median can be determined for the educational data. The median for the experimental and the control group are the people in the some college group. The median is the â€Å"middle† category and can be determined for ordinal data like education. 8. The findings from this study cannot be generalized to Black women since the sample size is so low in the experimental group and there are no Black women in the control group. Black women might have different self- care interventions to manage post- partum fatigue than white women. 9. There is a note at the bottom of the table that mentions that there is missing data. Perhaps some mothers did not reveal that data. 10. The sample was adequately described. However, adding information about any complications before or during birth, the type of delivery for example C-section vs. natural, or if the women had any help such as a nanny would add to the description.

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay

Social Causes Gender Roles Depression Health And Social Care Essay Depression, either as a single depressive episode or as a recurrent depressive disorder, is a common mood disorder which is characterised by low mood, resulting in loss of interest and enjoyment, reduced energy and diminished activity. With increasing severity other symptoms such as reduced concentration, attention, self esteem and self confidence manifest, and physical symptoms may protrude, such as disturbed sleep and diminished appetite. These may accumulate in ideas or acts of self harm and suicide[1]. The gender difference in depressive illness, is one of the strongest patterns seen in psychiatric epidemiology [2,3,4,5]. Similar, albeit less strong gender differences can be seen through a variety of mental health disorders, typically with internalising disorders (of mood and anxiety) which are more common in women, and externalising disorders such as schizophrenia and substance abuse which are more common in men.[5]. Such a strong pattern, seen in many cultures around the world can help in the comprehension of depression, an illness that still evades human understanding [1]. The aim of this essay will be to help identify some key aspects of the social causes of depression and how they relate to gender roles within society. This will ascertain their importance in mechanisms that drive someone into depressive illness the gender role hypothesis of depression [5]. However the point of this essay is not to systematically review the scientific literature and identify the cause, but rather to explore the concept of how much gender roles in society contribute to this pattern. In the conclusion, it will allow us to see how changing gender roles, such as feminism, in modernising societies such as the UK, will impact on womens health. The essay will explore risk factors which relate to gender role where they have evidence to cause depression. Such factors are emotional attention, interpersonal relationships, personality, stress response, the impact of co-morbid anxiety and what are termed artefact hypotheses, such as gender biased diagnostic techniques. Sex and gender are terms that have become divorced since Dr Robert Stollers observations of gender being a social construct and sex being biologically determined. It isnt necessary for someone of a certain sex to inherit the same gender and same gender role [6] although in western society it is the norm. While this essay will look at the epidemiological pattern of depression through a social lens, it should be kept in mind that there will be a biological background that cannot be excluded. It can be argued, such as by John Nicholson, that the gender role itself has its development in biology or socio-biology, or gender role as developed by evolution of human behaviour (as proposed by E.O Wilson and David Barash). However, these ideas are not as widely accepted as the theories for socially determined gender roles[6] as put forward by Stoller and Ann Oakley. For the purpose of this essay, gender roles are a set of behaviours socially expected of someone conforming to a particular gend er. A key feature of the female gender role is emotional behaviour, with women being caring and compassionate, and men being dominating and aggressive [6]. This is of course an excessive generalization, but a recognised pattern, most likely influenced by sex of the person. However, it is important to note that there is a large overlap in emotional behaviour between the genders [7] but more specific to gender are those behaviours used to cope with life events. More emotionally sensitive women may present to doctors sooner, although this has been disproved at least once [8]. This is an artefact argument I shall come to later. Emotionally sensitive persons, who tend to display more depressive symptoms, may have impaired anti-rumination strategies [9]. Rumination is a method of coping whereby the person focuses on the depressive symptoms and the triggering event, rather than trying to distract themselves, for example with thoughts of good things to come. Research has found that rumination by more emotionally sensitive persons leads to a negative emotion spiral. Focusing on the negative thoughts and emotions leads to further negative thoughts and emotions. , By controlling for emotional attention in their study results, there was a non-statistically significant difference for gender and symptoms of depression [8]. This is further backed up by evidence that rumination exacerbates and prolongs depression and that women tend to ruminate more when sad or depressed, a trend seen from prepubertal childhood [2]. Another personality trait, such as neuroticism, has also been associated with depression. Controlling for it has been suggested to eliminate the statistical significance of gender and depression [10], and although there is suggestive evidence against this idea [2], it should not be dismissed entirely until more research is done. It could be argued however, that the coping style may be different due to the type of stress observed by the individual. A more significant life event may be harder to distract oneself from, and so easier to ruminate. A womans role may determine her to be exposed to more significant stressors, for example through her role as the homemaker. There may be problems affecting children, housing, fertility, versus issues which will affect men more (for example, through their role as the breadwinner) but occur less often unemployment and finance problems. Although evidence suggests that while men and women are exposed to different stressors, it is insufficient by itself to explain the gender difference [11,12]. Therefore, I feel that the evidence shows that rumination is an important risk factor for depression, and women ruminate more than men, due to their socialisation making them more emotionally sensitive. It should be noted that males and females may receive different stressors for dep ression outside of their gender role. For example, sexual and physical abuse, as an adult or as a child, may play a role in explaining the gender difference. If women are more likely to be abused as adults or as children, (this might become a risk factor towards depression later on), then this might help explain some of the pattern seen. Evidence for this suggests it might play as much as 35% [2] of the gender difference in adult depression. Another way gender role and stress may interplay is through interpersonal relationships. The traditional female gender role will imply that a woman will put in more effort to attaining more friends. Therefore the loss of interpersonal relationships will have more of an impact on the female than it would on the male. Evidence shows that it is the lack of relationship, rather than the support the relationship provides [12], is the more significant stressor, and so further proves the point. This is of particular importance when looking at adolescent mental health, a key time when the gender difference in depression is first seen [2]. It could be argued that the starting of the gender difference is due to a restriction of the adolescent female into her expected role[2]. This only adds to, rather than offers an alternative view point, that if the adolescent female loses some of her important relationships, she might feel more like she has lost an important part of her identity. There is evidence that loss of interpersonal relationships is a significant stressor in adolescent females, because they have invested more emotion and are more likely to blame themselves [13]. This can also help explain the link between Body Mass Index and mood disorders, where high BMI affects women more, possibly putting them at a social disadvantage [14]. However, it is hard to identify whether social disadvantage has encouraged the depression and hence higher BMI, or higher BMI has caused social disadvantage and so depression. I feel that it is probably the latter, as evidence on coping strategies provides little evidence that eating is a common coping strategy in depression [15]. However the two studies examined different populations, American and Japanese, which casts doubt on their results Another study looked at sleep disturbance rather than depression. It suggested that adolescent girls, being more sensitive to familial disruption and increased domestic and grooming expectations, had increased sleep disturbance [16]. This is similar to an argument that I studied earlier increased expectation of fitting into the role of the female gender will increase sleep disturbance. This positively correlates with depression as either a cause or a symptom of sleep disturbance [16]. Looking at other co-morbid conditions of depression may help to illuminate the role of gender difference in depression. Anxiety is frequently seen co-morbid with depression, especially in primary care, such that it has its own classification in the ICD-10[1]. It is therefore logical to think that any gender difference in anxiety (which can be seen[17]) could be linked with the gender difference in depression. Similar risk factors already discussed, ruminative behaviours and social network crises, predispose women to anxiety more than men[17]. I think this adds to the evidence of suggesting a common aetiology between depression and anxiety. Using gender roles, anxiety does not fit into the male gender role of being confident and aggressive, and hence goes some way to explain the gender difference in anxiety, rather than in depression. It would seem that mothers discuss different coping strategies with their children; for boys a more problem solving approach and for girls more emotional coping strategies to help deal with distress [17]. These coping strategies and depression in women[15], comply with my previous ideas and also help to explain the gender difference in depression. While evidence may suggest that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology, evidence also suggests that anxiety states are not part of the aetiology of depression [18,19] and so the gender difference in anxiety is just a reflection, rather than a cause of the gender difference in depression. Evidence suggests that in depression and its risk factors, that anxiety during adolescence, due to a difficult transition from the child to the adult, may make the woman more sensitive to depression after a triggering event[20]. A model suggested by Cyranowski et al, combining female gender socialization and the hormone oxytocin which intensify the need for interpersonal relationships, coupled with anxiety, might cause sensitivity to depressive events. There is a good fit of the evidence , bringing biological as well as psychological and sociological theories together. However, more recent evidence has shown that men and women are equally sensitive to triggering events[11,12]. A better idea is that anxiety and depression share a common aetiology. On the road to depression and anxiety, a fork in the road is approached, where the type of trigger or another risk factor not discussed, decides whether the person becomes depressed or anxious. However, some of the so termed artifact hypotheses may suggest that all the above research and studies are not finding any physical or real link between depression and gender, but rather that is a fault in the techniques in the data collection. Some suggestions that fit this hypothesis are that women are more likely to seek treatment for any illness, more likely to discuss a potentially stigmatising condition such as a mental health disorder or are able to recall symptoms better, and so doctors are more able to make a diagnosis. Alternatively, women are being overdiagnosed or men being underdiagnosed, as either the fault of the doctor or biased diagnosis techniques. It is also argued that substance abuse masks depression and anxiety in men [21]. Some quite surprising research suggests that there is no gender difference in the symptoms a male or female may present to indicate depression, and that men and women show no preference in stating that they feel emotionally down [22]. I have little confidence with this unique result, as the accepted idea and other evidence suggests otherwise [23].. Evidence suggests that substance and alcohol abuse are not the male equivalent to anxiety. Therefore, controlling for alcohol and substance use still leaves a significant gender difference[2]. However, in depression, it has been suggested as a coping strategy[15], and so it is not unconceivable to think that alcohol abuse, assumed to be an externalizing disorder, is in fact a coping mechanism for depression in men. If diagnosed as alcohol abuse rather than depression, this could make up some of the gender difference. However, what is more interesting, is the suggestion that diagnostic techniques are gender biased, especially Becks Depression Index. Two studies reached the same conclusion that items in the Becks Depression Index related to crying and loss of interest in sex gave an over-diagnosis and underestimation of recovery in women [21,24]. Crying is considered more congruent with the female gender role, and loss of interest in sex can occur outside of depression, especially in women, again fitting their gender role [24]. Therefore, to ensure correct diagnosis, the researchers suggest the use of the Goldberg Depression Scale rather than Becks Depression Index. This is troubling, as many of the research already referenced used either interviews by trained lay people or the Becks Depression Index, which casts doubt on the accuracy of the conclusions reached thus far. So to conclude, I have explored some of the risk factors for depression and their aspect as gender roles to help explain the gender difference in depression. There is some doubt cast upon this research and any other research done into the epidemiology of depression because of doubts over the Beck Depression Index bias. I still feel the evidence is strong enough to hold some meaning. On the other hand, differing gender roles is not a sole explanation. The example of child abuse is one of many outside the gender role hypothesis. There is plenty of room for other social, psychological and biological causes of depression and its epidemiological patterns not explored in this essay. A simple and brief conclusion would be to say that gender role is a part of a large mechanism of a multi-factorial illness. More research is required to ascertain the full answer to the question proposed by the title. Ideal research would be to re-analyse the epidemiological patterns in 10, maybe 20 years time. Then it could be assumed that gender roles would continue in their path to become more equal. Less of a difference between the genders and rates of depression and anxiety might be expected. There may also be less of a difference between genders and other mental health disorders. However, additional preliminary evidence can already help draw some ideas. Studying couples with a shared life event for example, women have been shown to be at a greater risk of depression if there was a traditional division of roles in the family[2]. One of the findings of the WHO mental health surveys [5] is that younger people have less distinct gender difference for major depressive disorder than older people. A correlation was found between less traditional gender roles and decreased rates of depression with increased rates of substance abuse. This suggests changing, modernising gender roles are resulting in decreased rates of depression among women. However, the increase in substance abuse is a cause for concern. The trend is towards equal gender roles, with the female gender role becoming more masculine, so bringing new health concerns. While fair gender roles within society as a whole, such as employment, may have a beneficial effect in protecting against depression [2], there is still an imbalance of roles within the home. This is reflected in how children are brought up and how they develop their coping strategies for stress. Therefore, gender roles have a large role to play in epidemiological patterns of depression, and in the aetiology of depression itself. As gender roles become more equal, it will result in better health for women in society, and while not the focus of the essay, it can be safely assumed a similar pattern can occur for men as well. Equality it seems can go a long way in reducing risk to disease.

Dilutional Hyponatremia During Intrauterine Adhesion

Dilutional Hyponatremia During Intrauterine Adhesion Severe dilutional hyponatremia in a patient during hysteroscopic of intrauterine  adhesion : A case report YE Yuzhu, LIN Lina Abstract Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure for the patients of intrauterin adhesion, but may result in potentially disastrous complication labeled transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome. Excessive absorption of large scale of distension media under high inflow pressure by openings of venous channels in endometrium, the large volume of transfusion fluid that is beyond the modulation ability of body may produce the most dangerous situation of severe hyponatremia, hypervolemia and hypoosmolality. The consequence of hysteroscopy is mainly determined by the type of distension medium, irrigation pressure,condition of endometrium, preoperative catheterization, type of electrode system and duration of the surgery. A case of hysteroscopic resection of intrauterine adhesion in which severely symptomatic hyponatremia and hypervolemia happended with epidural anesthesia is presented. Key words: Hysteroscopy, hyponatremia, distension medium, infusion pressure, TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate ) syndrome. Introduction Hysteroscopy technique in the detection and treatment of intrauterine diseases plays an dominant role because of its unique feature of minimal invasion and remains the â€Å"gold standard† mean for the diagnosis of uterine disease, but may result in potentially disastrous complication known as TURP syndrome or hyponatremia and hypervolemia. A hysteroscopy precdure requires an intrauterin installation inserting into the uterine cavity accompanied by a suitable type of distention medium including dextrose 5% in water (D5W), 2.7% sorbitol, 0.54% mannitol and saline for the visualization of intrauterine situation. The most common fluid used clinically is D5W for its distinct features of low-viscosity, electrolyte-free, safety and lower cost. TURP syndrome appears when large scale of distension media (D5W) is overly absorbed including the following clinical signs: dyspnea, headache, nausea and vomiting, coma, and even can progress to cerebaral and pulmonary edema. Signs and syndrom es are nonspecific when the conditon is in its early stages and, as a result, it’s easy to be ignored. Vigilance and communication of the whole medical team is extremely required to avoid state of illness aggravating. Early management must be rendered as soon as possible for the critically ill patients by anesthetists. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman who developed TURP syndrome during hysteroscopic of intrauterine adhesion herein. 2. Case Report A 36-year-old, weight 62 kg , no medication or coexisting diseases, ASA physical status II , underwent hysteroscopy treatment because of her reiterative intrauterin adhesion during epidural anesthesia. Past surgical history revealed four times of previous hysteroscopies within the year, both of which were aimed to remedy for her secondary infertility but failed in acquiring satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. There were no positive fingds on the preoperative physical examination and normal values in laborarory results included blood routine test and plasmic electrolytes, and the concerntrations of sodium ion, potassium ion and blood glucose level were 139 mmol/L, 3.47 mmol/L and 4.0 mmol/L, respectively. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm. Upon arrival to surgical operating room, 500 ml lactated Ringers solution was dripped intravenously as maintenance fluid after standard monitors were placed. The heart rate was 76 beats per minute, respiratory rate was 18 breathes per minute and the oxygen saturation was 99%. Contiuous epidural anesthesia was performed successfully with 0.5% lidocaine and 0.375% ropivacaine 15ml totally within 15 minutes. Then the patient was placed in lithotomy position and no catheterization was offered because of the short operation period we had anticipated preoperatively although she expressed her micturition desire. The surgery initially proceeded unevenfully with very steady state of hemodynamics. 8,000 mL D5W as the irrigation fluid was delivered throught the hysteroscope by gravity pressure (60cm above the patient), and the irrigation pressure for uterine cavity distending was 150 mmHg. Monopolar electrode system was selected for endometrium resection, and controled the watts of electroresec tion and electrocoagulation within 40 60 watts and 60 80 watts, respectively. Simultaneous ultrasonographic monitoring was used to identify the sickness of uterus wall and uterine cavity size. A total of 1,000 mL of lactated Ringers solution was infused during the 70 minutes of surgery, with a total blood loss of 20 mL. Twenty minutes before the termination of surgery , the patient complainted of difficulty in breathing with simultaneous polypnea, shiver, and sensations of vertigo and nausea. Oxygen saturation dropped from 98% to 90% and recoverd soon after mask oxygen inhalation. Thereupon tramadol 50 mg was administered intravenously, and excellent effect obtained. Approximately 300 mL output of urine when the bladder was squeezed incautiously by ultrasound probe and the patient vomited once just the procedure completed. The patient appeared haziness of spirit-mind but responded appropriately to verbal stimulate. A dorsalis pedis artery blood sample was obtained from the patient , and electrolytes were reported using a blood-gas analyzing device. Results as follows: PH 7.31; Na+, 115 mmol/L; K+, 3.0mmol/L; ionized Ca2+, 0.93 mmol/L; Glucose, 27.8 mmol/L; HCO3—, 18.6 mmol/L. Based on the symptoms mentioned above, TURP syndrome was suspected. An indwelling urinary catheter was inserted immediately and 1,800 mL urine output was collected totlly at twice. A mixture of 50ml 10% saline and 100ml 0.9% saline was dripped to raise sodium concentration, meanwhile metoclopramide 10 mg was used for anti-nausea. But there were no diuretic and insulin used in case of aggravating of hypokalemia. Oxygen saturation maintained in 92% after oxygen mask was removed and with a progressive rise. Vital signs on permission to PACU were as follows: blood pressure, 126/79 mmHg; heart rate, 79 beats per minute; breathing rate, 20 breaths per minute; and oxygen saturation, 96%. The patient was transported to postanesthesia care unit (PACU) for continued treatments and review of blood gas analysis. On our arrival into PACU, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis was performed when the venous transfusion of the hypertonic saline solution ended, revealing PH 7.36; Na+, 127 mmol/L; K+, 3.0mmol/L; ionized Ca2+, 1.0 mmol/L; glucose, 22.9 mmol/L; HCO3—, 21.5 mmol/L; BE, -3.6 mmol/L. The patient still had low sodium and potassium level from ABG, a mixture of 100ml 10% saline and 100ml 0.9% saline containing potassium chloride 0.5 g was supplemented in low-speed intravenously. Nurse anesthetist was asked to record vital signs every 15 minutes. 16:15~18:05, the patient got her vital signs stablized gradually and oxygen staturation could maintain over 95%. Review of her blood gas analysis showed: PH 7.36; Na+, 137 mmol/L; K+, 3.4mmol/L; ionized Ca2+, 1.0 mmol/L; glucose, 7.2 mmol/L; HCO3—, 23.2 mmol/L; BE, -3.6 mmol/L. The patient recieved 500 ml lactated Ringers solution totally in PACU, with a total urine output of 850 mL(data from PACU anesthetic chart), and sent back to the ordinary ward without any complaints and Alderete scores 10. 2. Discussion Hysteroscopy has gained widely used in diagnostic and therapeutic in gynecologic surgery for many special advantages, but is not devoid of risks especially when hysteroscopy is applied to resection of extensively endometrial lesion. Excessive absorption of irrigation fluid during hysteroscopic surgery from uterine cavity is the main cause of TURP syndrome or water intoxication, of which reported incidence is 0.2% [1]. The TURP syndrome mainly has clinical symptoms in cardiovascular system, respiratory system and nervous system including elevation of blood pressure, bradycardia, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, cerebral hemia and even death. The severity of consequence is associated with multiple factors, analysis of this case were as follows. The patient’s uterine cavity has low compliance and severe adhesion, so an intrauterine pressure (IUP) of 150 mmHg is required to obtain excellent visual conditions of bilateral tubal orifices. 8,000 mL D5W as the irrigation fluid is delivered i nto uterine for uterine distension in 70 minutes operation time. Based on clinical research, the absorptivity of distension media by body is within the range of 10 30 ml/min only when the irrigation pressure is less than 100 mmHg [2]. Therefore, we estimated 700 2,100 mL D5W is absorbed into circulatory system approximately, along with an infusion of 1,000 mL lactated Ringers solution. As a result, 1,700 3,100 mL is administered into blood intravenously at least, and even more. Hyperglycemia caused by excessive absorption of D5W produces hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status and then makes intracellular fluid transfers to outside the cell, which bings about exacerbating of hyponatremia status. The patient received high frequency hysteroscopy procedure in the short term leads to large-scale and severe damage of endometrium, allowing the distension fluid entering into blood circulation more easily, which contributes to hypervolemia in a more faster pace. As one of essential factors, ex cessive irrigation pressure plays a crucial role in distension fuild over absorption in the condition that endometrial venous sinus are widely open in hysteroscopic electric resection. In our case, we have to raise the pressure to 150 mmHg for a clear surgical vision of uterine cavity, therefore, rendering excellent chance for fluid entering into body. No catheterization was performed preoperatively, thus a large amount of fluid accumulates in bladder and circulation system. To sum up, in this case, fluid overload, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar status, high intrauterine pressure, disruption of endometrial vessles and lack of preoperative catheterization lead to a significant increasement of circulating volume and a sharply reduce of plasma colloid osmotic pressure. Extracellular free water in brain are transported from the outside to the inside of the cell, which results in cerebral edema and causes intracranial hypertension. A serious of neurological syndromes develop including dizzin ess, headache, nausea, vomiting, and haziness of spirit-mind. Likewise, as a consequence of irrigation fluid overload and dilution of the plasma protein concentration, pulmonary hydrostatic pressure elevated, leading to the accurrence of acute pulmonary edema and pulmonary interstitial edema. The ventilation/perfusion imbalance occurs, and then manifests in dyspnea, hypoxemia and a sustained downward trend of oxygen saturation, etc. Timely recognition and urgent corresponding treatment measures should be taken in the early course of water intoxication to prevent the condition deteriorated. In a general way, for every liter of hypotonic fluid absorbed, the serum sodium concentration will decrease by 10 mmol/L(10 mEq/L) [3]. 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¾Ã‚ Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ §Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³-à ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾27.8 mmol/Là ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ…  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ªÃ…’à ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…“20 mmol/L,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §-†¦Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³-à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½4à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã…“â‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ 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Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾1000 à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã… ¾2000 ml à ¦- ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…“à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯:Issacson KBà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ Complications of hysteroscopyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ »Jà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ Obstet Gynecol Clin North Amà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’1999à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’26(1):39à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ 51à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ )à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚   à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ §Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 4à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ¶Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ µÃƒ ¨Ã‚ §Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ à ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã…’-à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦- ©Ãƒ ¦Ã…“Å ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ §-†¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦- ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¦- ©Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ²Ã‚ »Ãƒ §Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ §-†¦Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 5à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½ à ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ §Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §-†¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã…’-à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤-à §Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…“à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ ¯Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…’†¦Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…“à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ TURPà §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚  à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‹â€ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦- ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…   à ¦- ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ §-†¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Reference [1] Jansen FW, Verdevoogd CB, Ulzen KV, et al. Complications of hysteroscopy: aprospective multicenter study [J], Obstet Gynecol, 2000, 96 (2): 266 270. [2] Rhymer JS, Bell TS, Perry KC, et al. Hyponatremia following transurethral resection of the postate [J].Br Jurol, 1985, 57(4): 450à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ 452. [3] Prost AM, Liberman RF, Harlow BL, Ginsburg ES. Complication of hysteroscopic surgery: predincting patients at risk. Obster Gynccol. 2000; 96:517-520 [4] Cooper JM Brady RM. Intraoperative and early post-operative complications of operative hysteroscopy. Obstetric and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2000; 27: 347-365 [5]Romer T. Benefit of GnRH analogene treatment for hysteroscopic surgery in patients with bleeding disorders [J].Gynecol.Obstet Invest,2003,50:112-120. [6]Murdoch JA. Tong JG. Anesthesia for hysteroscopy. Anesthesiol Clin North Am. 2001;19:125-140 [ J ].à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤-à §Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿-,2009,9(12):1097-109 à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ©Ã… ¾Ã‹Å"à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Witz CA, Silverberg KM, Burns WN, Schenken RS, Olive DL. Complications associated with the absorption of hysteroscopic fluid media. Fertil Steril 1993;60:745-56.

Diomedes in Agamemnon :: essays research papers

Since Agamemnon refused to return the daughter of a priest of Apollo, Agamemnon agrees to release Helen only if Achilles gives him his prize of honor. This is when Achilles found it unfair and withdraws from the battle including all his soldiers. Achilles then asks the gods to grant him revenge. Agamemnon the had attacked because a dream had encouraged him to. Paris flees the battle with the help of a divinity and Menelaus rages on with his brother demanding the release of Helen. As the battle continues, Diomedes makes a heroic stand and kills many Trojans, bringing his Time', Kudos and Arete' up high. The term Time means the reputation among the prince/gods, Kudos is glory and Arete' excellence meaning, doing more than a man can do. It all started when Pamdaros had shot an arrow through Diomedes' shoulder, but Diomedes tells Sthenelos to pull out the arrow and he did. After this happened, Diomedes had prayed to thena asking her for help, here is where Diomedes is getting Kudos. Athena had decided to help Diomede just like she helped his father and she also heals him. Now not only did she heal him but she also gave Diomedes the power to see gods while he was in the battle only if he fights no other god but Aphrodite. Diomedes recieves Kudos when Aineias tells Pandaros that Diomedes may be a god. When Diomedes rejects Sthenelos advice to retreat, so instead he stands, he receives more Kudos. Diomedes now adds Time with the gods when he threw a pear at Pandarus with Athena’s help and kills him, when Aineias comes by to help his friend, Diomedes picks up a large stone and kills him by smashing the large stone on Aineias hip. More Time was added when he followed Aphrodite and then wounded her on her wrist and then shouted out to her "Away from the battle, you daughter of Zeus! Isn’t it enough that you beguile weak women? But is you will visit the battle field, I think after this is a battle will make shiver if you hear only echoes in the distance!" After this, Aphrodite tells Ares about Diomedes as she asked him for his horses to go home.

German Guilt in Bernhard Schlinks The Reader Essay -- essays research

Every year or so, something happens in the media that brings us all back to the atrocities of World War II, and the German persecution of the Jews. It seems that the horrors of that time can only be digested and understood in small bites. How else can we personalize and comprehend a tragedy of that magnitude? Most of what we read and view in the media about the holocaust is a perspective from the Jewish experience. Recently, however, a question has been posed in regards to finding closure with that troubling piece of history from the German conscience. Can one German's experience reflect the tendencies of the entire country with regards to passion, denial, guilt, and finally justice? Absolutely, according to Michael Berg, the main character in Bernhard Schlink?s novel, The Reader. After being hypnotized for two days while I read this very interesting story, I would have to agree. Once I saw the startling similarities in the area of seduction, the door opened for me to see what I believe Schlink was trying to show all along. We are capable of behaving in quite extraordinary ways, but when all is said and done, we must live with the consequences of our actions, as individuals or as a Nation. Although we may deny the motives of our past actions, either good or bad, the truth does not change, and with the truth comes a reckoning, The book starts in post-war Germany. A fifteen year old Michael Berg is assisted by a beautiful older woman after vomiting in the street. He is very ill and needs months to recover from Hepatitis, but goes back to thank the woman, Hanna, as soon as he is fit enough to leave his home. Although Mich... ...anting to forgive the German war criminals, (Hanna), but being unable to openly because it would appear to condone the actions. He speaks of something being so horrific that the mind can become numb to it. What would his approach to Hanna have been if he had not been involved with her emotionally? The questions keep coming, with no easy answers. Michael tries to atone for his betrayal of Hanna by reading books to her on cassette, then sending them to her in prison. Hanna learns to read and gains understanding of the Holocaust. She tries to atone for her involvement by leaving her earnings to a survivor and after she dies, Michael attempts to carry out her will. The survivor refuses the money, and sends Michael on his way with no sympathy. This book leaves many of us quietly asking ourselves, ?What would I have done. It also demands to be read again.

Marathon Running Essay

Runners come in all shapes and sizes. I have seen 300-pound men and women at the start of a race and in contrast the chiseled muscles of the elite runners. The reasons for running are as various as the runners themselves. Some run for weight lose, mental or physical health, competition, and charity. There are many physical health benefits for running; â€Å"Human bodies burn about 2,000-2,500 calories a day in normal activities. Running 5 miles a day can burn an additional 500 calories. † If this same formula holds true, a person completing a marathon will have burnt close to 2,600 calories. However, how fast a person doesn’t correspond with how much weight they may loose while running. â€Å"For example, a 220-pound person running an eight-minute mile burns 150 calories, while a 120-pound person running at the same pace burns only 82. Every person’s body requires an excess of 3,500 calories in order to gain a pound or a deficit of 3,500 calories in order to lose a pound. Thus, 180-pound person who runs 5 miles each day will lose about 5 pounds a month. However, as his or her weight goes down, he or she will burn fewer calories per mile† according to a study conducted at Vanderbilt University. According to Runner’s World editor Hal Higgdon. â€Å"Running can also have many psychological benefits. Most significantly runners typically report being happier and feeling less stressed than their counterparts who do not run or exercise regularly. Running actually has the ability to alter an individuals moods because hormones called endorphins are released while running. These hormones create a sense of euphoria often referred to as a runner’s high and can result in an improvement in the runner’s mood. † With these endorphins being released into the runner’s body, running can be very addictive. A man or woman can feel like they’ve been turned into Michael Jordan and anything, even running 26 miles, is possible. Running a marathon and the distances to train are also almost spiritual. When I run I am able to solve my companies, personal, families, and the whole worlds problems. I have come up with some of the most life altering and affirming choices in the sunrise of an 8-mile run. Running is also a great stress reliever while running I am able to focus on the road and the miles as they build. I am able to forget about the office, family, or other concerns. There are 26. reasons why a marathon is hard. To put this distance in perspective if you were to drive your car at 60 mph it would take a half an hour to drive that distance. But while running the marathon â€Å"there is no downtime. You’re the machine,† says physical therapist Jim Wharton of New York-based Wharton Performance, which trains world-class athletes. The debate about the difficulty of the m arathon, doesn’t center just on the physical aspects. â€Å"Motivation, confidence and mental toughness are necessary,† says Stephen Russo, director of sports psychology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System. Running is painful; it’s tedious, and exhausting. After a few miles our bodies scream for us to stop and rest. When the body screams stop that is when the mind takes over and you keep running. Through my experiences in running and race competitions I can say a marathon is not something that can be described it is something must be experienced. In a marathon the participant will be competing against hundreds and in larger races thousands of other hopefuls. In many marathons time restrictions are placed on which the marathon will end. -8 hours after the marathon has began, barricades will be removed and the race rout will be dismantled. If a runner is unable to finish in the allotted time the race officials may take them to the finish line and will not allowed to finish. However during those 6-8 hours a runner can run, jog, or walk any distance they want. When Khalid Khannouchi won the London Marathon last year, he didn’t do any walking: He set a world record of 2 hours, 5 minutes and 38 seconds. For elite athletes like Khannouchi distance running is a way of life. Marathoners seem either to be training or getting ready for the next workout. You wake up every morning and you know what you have to do. You have long mileage to accumulate. Sometimes you’re already tired from your last two or three workouts. You still have to wake up, have the motivation and go outside and do the training. † Khannouchi said. For me running is not simply about the weight loss or the constant inquires of family, friends, and co-workers who ask, â€Å"How many mile(s) did you run today? † When I run I am only accountable to my trusty stopwatch and myself. The marathon is my Everest. I will be back. Standing there with hundreds of other runners in tank tops and short on a cold fall morning, waiting for the starter pistol. I don’t run for the medal or the crowd I run for me. I run despite the 9 times out of 10 it will hurt, but I keep going. I run for that one time that it doesn’t and I am able to finish my run and look down at my stop watch and be excited about a new personal best time, if only a few seconds. I run because I know it will hurt but I keep going and I won’t give into the pain. I am an athlete. I am runner.

Antigone – Foils

Antigone Foil – characters who have contrasting or opposite qualities. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, Ismene is shown to be in great contrast to Antigone, who is her sister. She is portrayed as a gentle and passive while Antigone is depicted as an aggressive and headstrong woman. In the prologue, Antigone and Ismene are shown discussing what has transpired since their leave and subsequent return to Thebes. In this scene Antigone asks her sister in line 6-7 â€Å"have they told you of the new decree by our King Creon? † which Ismene then responds that â€Å"I have learned nothing. I know that two sisters lost two brothers, a double death in a single hour, and I know that the Argive army fled in the night; but beyond this, nothing† (Sophocles 0:7-9). In this Ismene is show to be not very well informed and â€Å"out of the fold† while Antigone seems to know in detail all that has occurred and all that has yet to occur as seen when she replies to Ismene that â€Å"Creon buried our brother Eteocles with military honors, gave him a soldier’s funeral, and it was right that he should; but Polyneices, who fought as bravely and dies as miserably – they say that Creon has sworn no one shall bury him, no one mourn for him, but his body must lie in the fields, a sweet treasure for carrion birds to find as they search for food. That is what they say, and our good Creon is coming here to announce it publicly; and the penalty – stoning to death in the public square! There it is, and now you can prove what you are: A true sister or a traitor to your family† (Sophocles 0:15-27).

Work and Travel U.S.a

Governmental Department of Education, Youth and Sports. Lyceum Vasil Levschi Conference Selection: English language Theme: Work and Travel U. S. A. Made by: Vitcovschii Igor 11 Fudulaki Dmitrii 11 Research advisor : Chisinau-2012 Contain: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2.What kind of program is it?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 a) Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 b) How to apply for the summer Work and Travel program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 c) Wo rk & Travel: Step by step†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 d) Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 e) Problems with the program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 4. Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. Supplements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. Introduction. Our theme is â€Å"Work and Travel in the USA†. â€Å"Work and Travel USA† is a program of international cultural exchange which allows students from different countries of the world, to depart on summer vacations to the United States to work and travel. The primary purpose of the program is to acquaint foreign students with the culture and life of modern America and the distribution of other cultures among its inhabitants. We've chosen this theme, because we think it is very hot topic nowadays.A lot of people from different countries use this program to work and travel in foreign country – the USA. In our work we talk not only about the benefits and the limitations of this one, we will tell you about situations, which make people use this program, about people’s views who used this program. We think that it is very actual theme, because a lot of students who want to use this program don’t know a lot about it, and they don’t know where they can find information. Of cause they can find it through the internet, but not every topic from there is true.We will tell you about the relations which fold between students and citizens in an unfamiliar, alien environment for them, about how they learn to earn, about the challenges they face there, and the opportunities to be deceived by unscrupulous companies. 2. What kind of program is it? The founder of the program and its main supervisor is the  Department of State, which determines the number of students that have a right to take part each year. Companies that represent the program abroad, register students in the program, and help to provide information and get the necessary documents.Also, some agencies help program participants to plan their journey to their future place of  work, giv ing the possibility of purchasing international airline tickets on  students’  tariffs. a) Requirements. To participate in this program, students must meet the following requirements. Participants must be post-secondary school students who are actively pursuing a degree or a full-time course of study at an accredited educational institution in their country of residence may participate in the Summer Work program only during their summer vacation.Students may not participate in this program during time periods other than their summer vacations. Prospective exchange visitors must also possess sufficient proficiency in the English language to participate in their programs. b) How to apply for the summer Work and Travel program. There are a number of local agencies that work with American sponsors and recruit Summer Work and Travel Program participants. These agencies and American sponsors hold job fairs throughout Moldova during the winter and spring during which qualified p articipants can be interviewed by prospective employers.Local agencies can also help participants locate employment on their own. The final step involves an interview with a consular officer at the U. S. Embassy in Chisinau, which the local agency will help to arrange. The purpose of the interview is ensure that participants meet the requirements of the program and is eligible to receive visas. c) Work: Step by Step Prepare: Now what? You’ve been accepted to the Work & Travel USA program; it’s time to prepare for a successful experience. In this section, we’ll talk about important documents and things you’ll need to do before leaving your home country.You’ll need to plan your transportation and housing, pack your luggage, and more! Important Documents You must have current and correct documents, or you might not be allowed to enter the U. S. Please make sure that you have all of the important documents explained below. Make at least two photocopies of each document, and leave one copy at home with a parent or friend. Do not pack any of these documents in your checked luggage – take all of them on the plane with you. Your luggage could be lost during your travel, and you may be required to return home if you do not have these documents with you. 1.DS-2019 Form: This form is issued by your legal sponsor, and is provided to you by your representative in your home country. You will need your DS-2019 Form for your J-1 Visa interview at the U. S. Embassy. When you receive your DS-2019 form, please check that your work dates are correct. If they are incorrect, notify your representative immediately and have them corrected. You will also need to present your DS-2019 form to the immigration officer upon entry to the U. S. 2. SEVIS Receipt: You will receive this official receipt along with your DS-2019 Form after your Work & Travel application is successfully processed.You will need to take the SEVIS receipt with you to your emb assy interview. 3. Passport and J-1 Visa: You need a valid passport and a valid J-1 Visa in order to enter the U. S. To get your J-1 Visa, you need to contact the U. S. Embassy in your home country and schedule an interview. It’s possible your representative will help you with this, so be sure to ask them. Your J-1 Visa will note whether it is a single entry or multiple entry visa. If you have an M in your J-1 visa this means you can 4. enter the U. S. multiple times.If you have an S in your J-1 Visa this means that you can only enter the U. S. ONLY one time. 5. I -94 Arrival Card: The I-94 is a critically important document! You will receive this card on your flight to the U. S. and it is required for the Social Security number application. You should ask the U. S. Customs official to staple your I-94 to your passport once you enter the country. If you lose your I-94 card before you applying for a Social Security number you will need to apply for a replacement I-94 card and this will cause significant time delays.During this time you may not be able to work and it’s very possible you will be required to return home early because of these problems. Please take care of your I-94 card! † 6. Customs Declaration Form 6059B: You will receive this card on your flight to the U. S. and must fill it out before going through Customs. 7. Insurance ID/Health & Safety Pocket Guide: This guide contains important information about your travel insurance and serves as your insurance card. Write your DS-2019 number on your insurance card in the space titled ‘Member ID. ’ When you are in the U. S. eep this card with you at all times, since it will be required if you seek medical assistance. Your Health & Safety guide also contains useful health and safety tips. 8. Employment Offer Agreement Form (EOAF): This document is your job agreement with your employer. It indicates the details of your job and the dates you have agreed to work. The immigrati on officer may ask you to present this form upon entry to the U. S. Before you depart for the U. S. There are some important things that you need to do before you depart for the U. S. If you have any questions as you prepare for the program, talk to your representative.If your plans or travel dates change, be sure to let your representative know, as you will not be able to make changes to your DS-2019 and/or program dates once you are in the U. S. Plan your Transportation and Housing Plan your transportation and temporary housing in the U. S. before departing. You should research transportation (buses, trains, and subway systems) from the airport to your job as well as temporary housing (hostels and affordable hotels or motels). Be sure to consider alternate options in case you need to change your plan along the way.Your employer can be a good resource for advice on transportation and housing. Bring Enough Money When you enter the U. S. , it is required that you show proof of funds (at least $800 if you have a job upon entering the U. S. or $1200 if you do not already have a confirmed job) to customs. Only cash, bank statements, and traveler’s checks are accepted as proof of funds. CIEE recommends that you bring more money if possible in case of unexpected problems. You want to make sure that you have extra money to cover all of your expenses before you receive your first paycheck.Contact your Employer Once your travel plans have been finalized, contact your employer in the U. S. Let them know when you will arrive, and make sure the dates on your DS-2019 Form match the dates your employer expects you to work. If any of your plans or travel dates change, be sure to contact your employer. It’s possible that your employer will be willing to meet you at the airport or bus station when you arrive. Share your flight details with them and work out a plan to get to the job. Also, confirm your employer’s phone number(s) in case there are any unexpe cted delays.Finally, your employer is an excellent resource for local information on housing. They might be able to share ideas on what to do and where to stay. Pack your Bags When preparing to depart for the U. S. , make sure to pack all of your important documents as well as a change of clothes and anything else you might need in your carry-on bag, in case your checked luggage is delayed. When packing your bags, note the following: 1. Always check with your airline before you travel about luggage restrictions. 2. Take an extra set of clothes in your carry-on luggage. 3. Make sure you pack your important documents in your carry-on luggage.Pack copies in your checked luggage. 4. All prescription drugs should be clearly marked and accompanied by a prescription from your doctor. 5. Do not bring articles made from protected species or perishable foods such as cheese, fruit, or nuts. 6. If you bring alcohol, you must be 21 or older. 7. If you carry more than $10,000 you must report this to a customs official. Arrive Welcome to the U. S.! Now what do you do? When you first enter the U. S. it is a good idea to contact your employer, during regular business hours, to let them know you have arrived and are traveling to your job.If your plane arrives late and you will not arrive as scheduled at your job, notify your employer of your new time. And don’t forget to call your parents or relatives back home so they know you have safely arrived in the U. S. Immigration and Customs When you enter the U. S. , it is important that you cooperate fully with the Customs Official and answer all of their questions clearly and respectfully. The Officer may ask you some general questions about your visit, program, and the place where you will stay. You should be prepared to present U. S.Customs Officials with all of your relevant travel documentation. They will ask you many questions related to the information you have provided on your I-94 Arrival Card and Customs Declaration Form (Form 6059B), as well as about the nature of your citizenship, your trip, and any unusual items you are bringing into the U. S. Expect to have your baggage opened for examination, and make sure that you have declared any non travel-related goods that you have with you. Collect Your Bags After passing through Immigration and Customs, follow signs to the baggage claim area.To find the correct carousel, check the display board for your flight number. If you waited a long time at Customs, your bags may have already passed through and been placed on the floor of the baggage area. If your luggage is lost or delayed, go to the airline desk at the airport and file a lost luggage report. If you know where you will be staying in the U. S. , give this address; if you don’t know where you will be staying, provide your employer’s address so your bags can be delivered there. Housing Do your best to find housing long before your arrival in the U. S.In many cases, your employer m ay have recommendations for short- or long-term housing near your workplace. If you are beginning the search on your own, use the resources below. Most importantly, don’t arrive in the U. S. without any pre-arranged housing. For the first few nights in the U. S. you may need short-term housing. Hostels, affordable motels, or universities and colleges are good options. It’s even better if you can travel and share expenses with other Work & Travel USA students. Make reservations ahead of time to make sure you have a bed or room when you arrive.When planning your long term-housing, consider living with other Work & Travel students – this is a great way to make new friends and save money. Also consider whether or not the housing is furnished, includes utilities, and whether it is close to work or is close to public transportation, as these can all affect your monthly costs. Rent, Sublet, or Share? When you start looking for a place to live, you will find apartments that are available to rent, sublet, or share. 1. Rent When you rent an apartment you sign a lease, or contract, with a landlord.Pay close attention to the lease agreement, as there may be penalties for breaking the contract. For example, if you lease an apartment for four months but decide to leave after two months, there may be a financial penalty in addition to your rent. 2. Sublet A sublet is an apartment or room rented by the owner or leaseholder to another person. Finding a sublet is a good option because it gives you flexibility similar to a month-to-month lease. 3. Share If you share an apartment you will pay a portion of the rent and common apartment expenses. This can be easier than looking for a place yourself.If you decide to share an apartment, make sure to meet your possible roommate to get a feel for the situation. Your first instinct is always your best, and you should not accept a situation that you don’t feel comfortable with. Eviction â€Å"Eviction† means being removed from your housing, and there are many reasons your landlord can do this, including: not paying rent on time, making too much noise, or damaging property. If you are evicted from your housing, you should get an eviction notice and be given a deadline to leave the housing. Do not let eviction happen to you! Be respectful of your living situation.This means paying the rent on time, taking care of your property, and following all of the rules in your lease or living agreement. If you have any concerns, talk to your landlord or the person responsible. Work Work & Travel USA is an opportunity not only to explore the U. S. , but also to earn money, make new friends, practice English, and experience what it’s really like to be part of a new culture. But first, you need to find a job and understand how to get started. Check out this section to learn about everything from getting a job, to Social Security, to income taxes.I don’t have a job yet†¦ If you traveled to the U. S. without a job, you will need to find one as soon as possible. For suggestions and resources to help you find a job while in the United States, please visit the Find a Job section. The list of all work places is very big. You can find all kinds of jobs, and every can be very interesting and well-paid. As compared with salary in Moldova, in the U. S. jobs are paid much well then in Moldova, and that salary is enough for staying there for a long time. List of jobs is varied: Amusement pack worker; Barmen; Cashier;Casino host; Builder; Cook or cook assistant; Customer service; Dish washer; Maid; Janitor; Painter; Wood worker; Car painter or Body shop worker; Waiter; How we can see jobs are simple, but they are taking a lot of time and force. I want to find a second job! This is a great idea. Many Work & Travel USA students get second jobs while they’re in the United States. There are some simple and important reminders that you should be aware of. Your prima ry job is your first responsibility. It is important that your second job does not interfere with your primary job.Make sure you let your manager know if you are looking for a second job. Salary Check with your employer to learn how often you will be paid. Most students get paid weekly or every other week. Typically you will receive a paycheck that you deposit into your bank account. Some employers may offer the option of direct deposit, which means that your salary will be deposited directly into your account. In either case, your employer will give you a salary statement, paystub, or pay slip, which will show the hours you worked and the amount you were paid.It will also contain information about the taxes and other deductions taken out of your paycheck. Depending on your agreement with your employer, you might also have uniform, housing, union membership dues, or other work-related items deducted from your salary. After you receive your first paycheck, review it to ensure there a re no errors. If you have questions about your paycheck, speak with your employer. Remember that you do not pay Social Security and Medicare taxes – if these were deducted in error, speak with your employer. Minimum Wage There is a minimum wage that employers in the U.S. are required to pay. Please note that the wage for some positions earning tips (for example waiter or waitress) may be less than the minimum wage. Overtime At times, there may be opportunities to work additional hours. As a new employee, it is a good idea to accept these overtime hours when possible. Many companies will pay you one-and-a-half times more than the normal wage rate for extra hours. Ask your employer for company overtime policies. Travel If you intend to travel at the end of your Work & Travel USA program, you are free to explore the U.S. for the period of time indicated on your Confirmation of Insurance document. However, when you have approved time off from work during your DS-2019 dates, you a re able to travel. Be sure to talk with your manager about the possibility of taking time off from work for travel. You should always ask for days off at least a week in advance. Depending on the agreement you signed with your representative, you may also have a Travel Period following your official work dates, during which your program insurance coverage remains in place.Your overall Program Dates are those stated on your Confirmation of Insurance Coverage document that you received with your DS-2019, and include both the work period and Travel Period. If you did not sign up for a Travel Period when applying for the program, it is not possible to add this once you are in the U. S. d) Goals. Why students are going to America? Every student has his own goal. Some of them want just to travel, some want to verify their language knowledge and to use it in, some want to buy there the newest gadgets, because they are cheaper in the U. S.Also, what these people want, whatever they just hav e fun, earn experience, find new friends†¦ But sponsors also have some goals too. They’ve written this one: The goals of the Work & Travel program are to: 1. Facilitate peace, tolerance and understanding through international exchange, global adventure and intercultural interaction. 2. Provide an opportunity for young people from around the world to challenge themselves through learning to work, grow and live in another country and culture. 3. Enable young people an affordable option to participate in a quality summer work & travel program. ) Problems with the program. For some one Work and Travel is a profit, for others-it’s a fear. There are a lot of firms-phantoms that take the money and do nothing. In advertisings is written that â€Å"You can travel all U. S. only for 200$†, in other –â€Å"only for 600$†. Is it true? Is it possible to earn more then you give and also make an adventure? No! One of the owners of Work and Travel said that m aximum you need to pay 2300 or 2600 $. It is the bill for some of the verifications. That is some of the tariffs that you need to pay for the program: 1065 $-only to find a job in U.S. A. ,to issue a contract of employment, health insurance,  for a letter of recommendation  to  get a  social security number, ID card Intrax (such as  identity cards), form  DS27  19 (on the basis  of which  offer  a visa), payment  service,  charged by the  United States  from all  participants in the program; 100 $ –  for the services  of the company; 131  $-  for the visa, this amount is paid to  the Embassy;   about 700  $ –  the price  of a plane ticket. In total,  the student  must  pay about 2000 $  for  short-term employment contract  in America.Another problem-every 3-d student doesn’t return home in time of vise. In 2007 the  U. S. Embassy  issued  visa  for more than 5000  students  for the program à ¢â‚¬Å"Summer Work and Travel†. Despite the fact  that one of the  conditions for participation  in the program is  to return  in Moldova on  September 17  , but about 20% of students who left  in summer  2007  in the U. S. ,  did not return  home, and  more than 40%  returned after  the deadline for  the return of  the lectures. Almost all  the rest  stayed  in the U. S. longer than  specified  in the visa  period.Ambassador  of Moldova  in the United States, Nicolae  Chirtoaca, said: â€Å"During the summer period  in the practice  of frequent  reception of the Embassy  included  notices  from prison,  reporting  on cases of  detention and arrest of our students  who come  for seasonal work. One of the reasons  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the excess  specified in the visa  period of stay  in the U. S. illegally, or  change of employment  not specified  in the contract. â€Å"There are  also cases where t he  Moldovan  students  were detained  in the U. S. for petty theft  in large  stores. There are a lot of more scary problems!When you came in USA- you don’t know anybody, you don’t know where you are, how and what to do: you are alone in strange side. When you come in the USA your job offer can cast you, and then you are left there without money, food, house, you don’t know the city, you can lost there without anything, without hope. But there are big advantages! One of them that you quickly become independent, because there is no one who will do your work, you will depend only on you. You are living alone; you must do your work only by yourself. And at last you earn money, which you can spend for travelling or some things that you want.Another advantage is that you learn more about the US culture, life, habitats, and holydays. But there is a big unhappy aspect-you can use Work and Travel program only 2 times, and when you get visa second time, the workers of the firm warn you that it is your last time of using Work ant Travel program. Looking at all aspects, problems and spending, would we use the Work and Travel program? It’s difficult question that needs reasonable answer. If you want to see new places, if you want to improve your spoken English, if you want to learn some thing new and if you strong enough to be alone-you will use this program.We know that there are a lot of people, who use W&T program. I’ve spoken with one some and that is what he tells me: His telling about first operations at his place with his documents: Today has set the seals to summer session and at once has gone, has handed over the student's record-book in Pegas. Like as tonight my documents should go already on DS-form reception. Somewhere in the middle of March means I will go to consulate†¦ It is as usual quiet as a boa. Still today has received one more JobOffer (yes-yes, here such in life not justice, at someone it isn't pre sent absolutely, and at someone it is some).From May, 4th till September, 4th the boss has sent such approximate accounting: MAY: $1650. 00 June: $2095. 00 July: $2285. 00 August: $2805. 00 September $375. 00 (this could be more if I were to extend your employment) Total: $9210. 00 The total amount looks anything so, quite. Especially considering that meal and habitation there the free†¦ Here now it was puzzled, it is necessary to count up, how many I will earn if I go simply in SF for example and I search there for work, I find, I live and take somewhere meal†¦ Nevertheless the variant with CA is pleasant to me more so it is necessary to weigh all PRO AND CONTRA†¦Then he told me about the process in the embassy: On an input the passport you give, write down in magazine. You pass through the metal detector. You go on the 4th floor. There too you submit the passport, you pass through framework. You pass in a waiting room small with chairs further and there behind parti tions two windows where consuls sit as in exchange cash desk for armor glasses. At the left the woman, on the right the man†¦ The man very long asks all and from its party constantly a laughter is audible†¦ The woman works quickly on the contrary. -Hello -Hello Please put your student’s book. What is your speciality? -Computer science in economy -Why do you want to go to the U. S. A? -I like travelling†¦. -Did you travel before? -Yes, I was in Britain last summer – For work there went? (The sense was that, asked again type Sorry? ) -I was on English courses and†¦.. -? -With student visa in Britain I can work only 20 hours, so I work 20 hours. – Put the left finger for scanning. Now the right. Thanks. As whom you will work in states? (Has besides asked again) -I will work on mobile concession unit†¦ food concession†¦ What concession? -Food†¦ selling food. – Type and what to sell that you will be? -Hot dogs, pop corn†¦ -Do you like hot dogs? -Yeeeeees! -Ok. Your visa approved. -Thank you. Bye. All dialogue has occupied on can minute-two†¦ Very quickly all†¦ When There is there that already on the automatic machine ask again Sorry? If It is hardly not clear In life the most important thing is sincerity – learn it to represent and the success is provided. Then he gave me some posts from his blog, which he was writing in the U. S. A: 1)Has once again understood, how badly I know English.Has come on mail and here has understood that I vaguely represent how to tell a phrase â€Å"I should receive a parcel (but hasn't received)†. Certainly I could explain it and me have understood even from the first†¦ But probably impression I make the real guest worker (as in the Russian Federation different Asians). His opinion about disadvantages of W&T if you want to practice your English: Gathered to America†¦ Thought (has been assured): what big city, I want in small American à ¢â‚¬Å"village†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And that there was no Russian for they and in the Russian Federation suffice me†¦Thought I will speak only in an English, to work with Americans and so on†¦ Well also what? Than all it has ended? I live in almost million city which is considered most â€Å"European†, in Russian area, removing habitation at Russian-speaking, my neighbour about the room – Russian-speaking, my flat mates – Russian-speaking, on work at me ALL Russian-speaking†¦ And in addition I write in the blog in Russian and I go to read Russian news and forums†¦ And also his opinion about the USA and the UK: Here 3,5 months I in America (well hardly it is more).Exactly so much I have stayed in last year in Britain. Also that I have noticed†¦ Those 3,5 months in Britain I remember almost every day, all the summer long was one cool adventure. I remember as have arrived, as went to college as searched for work as went on it as we went to Oxford a nd Cambridge as somewhere went†¦ all that was then. Even work is there was an adventure part, a part of knowledge of Britain†¦ 3,5 months in America†¦ Well how to tell†¦ I remember the first 3 days after an arrival, and continuous gray everyday life all rest, routine†¦There are some fascinating moments (which are remembered when you re-read this diary), but also those as though in a fog†¦ That is simply stupid working day after day and any adventures and romanticism. As-it it is not correct†¦ 4. Conclusion. Looking at all aspects, problems and spending, would we use the Work and Travel program? It’s a difficult question that needs a reasonable answer. If you want to see new places, if you want to improve your spoken English, if you want to learn some thing new and if you strong enough to be alone-you will use this program.Work & Travel USA program gives you a chance to be much more than a tourist! Experience life in the U. S. by working side -by-side with locals. It’s a real American experience that also helps to cover travel expenses! Dialogue with the friend who is in the USA. -Hello, Friend! -Hi! -How are you? I know hat you're in the USA. Is it true? -Yes, I'm in the USA! -What are you doing there? How do you get there? -I've get here with help of the W program, and this program had helped me to find work. -Where are you working? -I'm working in a very beautiful restaurant And how is going? -It's a hard job. Very hard. I went through humiliation, because I'm not from America. -It's very sad. -First time it was very hard. I didn't know this city, I didn't know anyone. Every thing was foreign for me. But I found a good place to live. I found Russian speaking people. I found new friends. -And how are you now? -I'm fine. I have heavy but well paid job, I have new friends, I've learnt a lot of new things about the USA. -Wow! You've learnt so much thing being in the USA! How do you think should I try this program? I think that this will give you a good life experience, a new knowledge about this country and about people who live there! Try it! You may go to the one of offices of W&T program and they will give you all the information you need. It’s a real American experience that also helps to cover travel expenses! Bye. 5. Sources. Sites: 1. moldova. usembassy. gov 2. migratie. md 3. en. wikipedia. org 4. myworkandtravel. com. ua 5. simplex. dp. ua 6. workandtravel. su 6. Supplements. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Work and Travel U.S.a Governmental Department of Education, Youth and Sports. Lyceum Vasil Levschi Conference Selection: English language Theme: Work and Travel U. S. A. Made by: Vitcovschii Igor 11 Fudulaki Dmitrii 11 Research advisor : Chisinau-2012 Contain: 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2.What kind of program is it?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 a) Requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 b) How to apply for the summer Work and Travel program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 c) Wo rk & Travel: Step by step†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 d) Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 e) Problems with the program†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 4. Sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 5. Supplements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. Introduction. Our theme is â€Å"Work and Travel in the USA†. â€Å"Work and Travel USA† is a program of international cultural exchange which allows students from different countries of the world, to depart on summer vacations to the United States to work and travel. The primary purpose of the program is to acquaint foreign students with the culture and life of modern America and the distribution of other cultures among its inhabitants. We've chosen this theme, because we think it is very hot topic nowadays.A lot of people from different countries use this program to work and travel in foreign country – the USA. In our work we talk not only about the benefits and the limitations of this one, we will tell you about situations, which make people use this program, about people’s views who used this program. We think that it is very actual theme, because a lot of students who want to use this program don’t know a lot about it, and they don’t know where they can find information. Of cause they can find it through the internet, but not every topic from there is true.We will tell you about the relations which fold between students and citizens in an unfamiliar, alien environment for them, about how they learn to earn, about the challenges they face there, and the opportunities to be deceived by unscrupulous companies. 2. What kind of program is it? The founder of the program and its main supervisor is the  Department of State, which determines the number of students that have a right to take part each year. Companies that represent the program abroad, register students in the program, and help to provide information and get the necessary documents.Also, some agencies help program participants to plan their journey to their future place of  work, giv ing the possibility of purchasing international airline tickets on  students’  tariffs. a) Requirements. To participate in this program, students must meet the following requirements. Participants must be post-secondary school students who are actively pursuing a degree or a full-time course of study at an accredited educational institution in their country of residence may participate in the Summer Work program only during their summer vacation.Students may not participate in this program during time periods other than their summer vacations. Prospective exchange visitors must also possess sufficient proficiency in the English language to participate in their programs. b) How to apply for the summer Work and Travel program. There are a number of local agencies that work with American sponsors and recruit Summer Work and Travel Program participants. These agencies and American sponsors hold job fairs throughout Moldova during the winter and spring during which qualified p articipants can be interviewed by prospective employers.Local agencies can also help participants locate employment on their own. The final step involves an interview with a consular officer at the U. S. Embassy in Chisinau, which the local agency will help to arrange. The purpose of the interview is ensure that participants meet the requirements of the program and is eligible to receive visas. c) Work: Step by Step Prepare: Now what? You’ve been accepted to the Work & Travel USA program; it’s time to prepare for a successful experience. In this section, we’ll talk about important documents and things you’ll need to do before leaving your home country.You’ll need to plan your transportation and housing, pack your luggage, and more! Important Documents You must have current and correct documents, or you might not be allowed to enter the U. S. Please make sure that you have all of the important documents explained below. Make at least two photocopies of each document, and leave one copy at home with a parent or friend. Do not pack any of these documents in your checked luggage – take all of them on the plane with you. Your luggage could be lost during your travel, and you may be required to return home if you do not have these documents with you. 1.DS-2019 Form: This form is issued by your legal sponsor, and is provided to you by your representative in your home country. You will need your DS-2019 Form for your J-1 Visa interview at the U. S. Embassy. When you receive your DS-2019 form, please check that your work dates are correct. If they are incorrect, notify your representative immediately and have them corrected. You will also need to present your DS-2019 form to the immigration officer upon entry to the U. S. 2. SEVIS Receipt: You will receive this official receipt along with your DS-2019 Form after your Work & Travel application is successfully processed.You will need to take the SEVIS receipt with you to your emb assy interview. 3. Passport and J-1 Visa: You need a valid passport and a valid J-1 Visa in order to enter the U. S. To get your J-1 Visa, you need to contact the U. S. Embassy in your home country and schedule an interview. It’s possible your representative will help you with this, so be sure to ask them. Your J-1 Visa will note whether it is a single entry or multiple entry visa. If you have an M in your J-1 visa this means you can 4. enter the U. S. multiple times.If you have an S in your J-1 Visa this means that you can only enter the U. S. ONLY one time. 5. I -94 Arrival Card: The I-94 is a critically important document! You will receive this card on your flight to the U. S. and it is required for the Social Security number application. You should ask the U. S. Customs official to staple your I-94 to your passport once you enter the country. If you lose your I-94 card before you applying for a Social Security number you will need to apply for a replacement I-94 card and this will cause significant time delays.During this time you may not be able to work and it’s very possible you will be required to return home early because of these problems. Please take care of your I-94 card! † 6. Customs Declaration Form 6059B: You will receive this card on your flight to the U. S. and must fill it out before going through Customs. 7. Insurance ID/Health & Safety Pocket Guide: This guide contains important information about your travel insurance and serves as your insurance card. Write your DS-2019 number on your insurance card in the space titled ‘Member ID. ’ When you are in the U. S. eep this card with you at all times, since it will be required if you seek medical assistance. Your Health & Safety guide also contains useful health and safety tips. 8. Employment Offer Agreement Form (EOAF): This document is your job agreement with your employer. It indicates the details of your job and the dates you have agreed to work. The immigrati on officer may ask you to present this form upon entry to the U. S. Before you depart for the U. S. There are some important things that you need to do before you depart for the U. S. If you have any questions as you prepare for the program, talk to your representative.If your plans or travel dates change, be sure to let your representative know, as you will not be able to make changes to your DS-2019 and/or program dates once you are in the U. S. Plan your Transportation and Housing Plan your transportation and temporary housing in the U. S. before departing. You should research transportation (buses, trains, and subway systems) from the airport to your job as well as temporary housing (hostels and affordable hotels or motels). Be sure to consider alternate options in case you need to change your plan along the way.Your employer can be a good resource for advice on transportation and housing. Bring Enough Money When you enter the U. S. , it is required that you show proof of funds (at least $800 if you have a job upon entering the U. S. or $1200 if you do not already have a confirmed job) to customs. Only cash, bank statements, and traveler’s checks are accepted as proof of funds. CIEE recommends that you bring more money if possible in case of unexpected problems. You want to make sure that you have extra money to cover all of your expenses before you receive your first paycheck.Contact your Employer Once your travel plans have been finalized, contact your employer in the U. S. Let them know when you will arrive, and make sure the dates on your DS-2019 Form match the dates your employer expects you to work. If any of your plans or travel dates change, be sure to contact your employer. It’s possible that your employer will be willing to meet you at the airport or bus station when you arrive. Share your flight details with them and work out a plan to get to the job. Also, confirm your employer’s phone number(s) in case there are any unexpe cted delays.Finally, your employer is an excellent resource for local information on housing. They might be able to share ideas on what to do and where to stay. Pack your Bags When preparing to depart for the U. S. , make sure to pack all of your important documents as well as a change of clothes and anything else you might need in your carry-on bag, in case your checked luggage is delayed. When packing your bags, note the following: 1. Always check with your airline before you travel about luggage restrictions. 2. Take an extra set of clothes in your carry-on luggage. 3. Make sure you pack your important documents in your carry-on luggage.Pack copies in your checked luggage. 4. All prescription drugs should be clearly marked and accompanied by a prescription from your doctor. 5. Do not bring articles made from protected species or perishable foods such as cheese, fruit, or nuts. 6. If you bring alcohol, you must be 21 or older. 7. If you carry more than $10,000 you must report this to a customs official. Arrive Welcome to the U. S.! Now what do you do? When you first enter the U. S. it is a good idea to contact your employer, during regular business hours, to let them know you have arrived and are traveling to your job.If your plane arrives late and you will not arrive as scheduled at your job, notify your employer of your new time. And don’t forget to call your parents or relatives back home so they know you have safely arrived in the U. S. Immigration and Customs When you enter the U. S. , it is important that you cooperate fully with the Customs Official and answer all of their questions clearly and respectfully. The Officer may ask you some general questions about your visit, program, and the place where you will stay. You should be prepared to present U. S.Customs Officials with all of your relevant travel documentation. They will ask you many questions related to the information you have provided on your I-94 Arrival Card and Customs Declaration Form (Form 6059B), as well as about the nature of your citizenship, your trip, and any unusual items you are bringing into the U. S. Expect to have your baggage opened for examination, and make sure that you have declared any non travel-related goods that you have with you. Collect Your Bags After passing through Immigration and Customs, follow signs to the baggage claim area.To find the correct carousel, check the display board for your flight number. If you waited a long time at Customs, your bags may have already passed through and been placed on the floor of the baggage area. If your luggage is lost or delayed, go to the airline desk at the airport and file a lost luggage report. If you know where you will be staying in the U. S. , give this address; if you don’t know where you will be staying, provide your employer’s address so your bags can be delivered there. Housing Do your best to find housing long before your arrival in the U. S.In many cases, your employer m ay have recommendations for short- or long-term housing near your workplace. If you are beginning the search on your own, use the resources below. Most importantly, don’t arrive in the U. S. without any pre-arranged housing. For the first few nights in the U. S. you may need short-term housing. Hostels, affordable motels, or universities and colleges are good options. It’s even better if you can travel and share expenses with other Work & Travel USA students. Make reservations ahead of time to make sure you have a bed or room when you arrive.When planning your long term-housing, consider living with other Work & Travel students – this is a great way to make new friends and save money. Also consider whether or not the housing is furnished, includes utilities, and whether it is close to work or is close to public transportation, as these can all affect your monthly costs. Rent, Sublet, or Share? When you start looking for a place to live, you will find apartments that are available to rent, sublet, or share. 1. Rent When you rent an apartment you sign a lease, or contract, with a landlord.Pay close attention to the lease agreement, as there may be penalties for breaking the contract. For example, if you lease an apartment for four months but decide to leave after two months, there may be a financial penalty in addition to your rent. 2. Sublet A sublet is an apartment or room rented by the owner or leaseholder to another person. Finding a sublet is a good option because it gives you flexibility similar to a month-to-month lease. 3. Share If you share an apartment you will pay a portion of the rent and common apartment expenses. This can be easier than looking for a place yourself.If you decide to share an apartment, make sure to meet your possible roommate to get a feel for the situation. Your first instinct is always your best, and you should not accept a situation that you don’t feel comfortable with. Eviction â€Å"Eviction† means being removed from your housing, and there are many reasons your landlord can do this, including: not paying rent on time, making too much noise, or damaging property. If you are evicted from your housing, you should get an eviction notice and be given a deadline to leave the housing. Do not let eviction happen to you! Be respectful of your living situation.This means paying the rent on time, taking care of your property, and following all of the rules in your lease or living agreement. If you have any concerns, talk to your landlord or the person responsible. Work Work & Travel USA is an opportunity not only to explore the U. S. , but also to earn money, make new friends, practice English, and experience what it’s really like to be part of a new culture. But first, you need to find a job and understand how to get started. Check out this section to learn about everything from getting a job, to Social Security, to income taxes.I don’t have a job yet†¦ If you traveled to the U. S. without a job, you will need to find one as soon as possible. For suggestions and resources to help you find a job while in the United States, please visit the Find a Job section. The list of all work places is very big. You can find all kinds of jobs, and every can be very interesting and well-paid. As compared with salary in Moldova, in the U. S. jobs are paid much well then in Moldova, and that salary is enough for staying there for a long time. List of jobs is varied: Amusement pack worker; Barmen; Cashier;Casino host; Builder; Cook or cook assistant; Customer service; Dish washer; Maid; Janitor; Painter; Wood worker; Car painter or Body shop worker; Waiter; How we can see jobs are simple, but they are taking a lot of time and force. I want to find a second job! This is a great idea. Many Work & Travel USA students get second jobs while they’re in the United States. There are some simple and important reminders that you should be aware of. Your prima ry job is your first responsibility. It is important that your second job does not interfere with your primary job.Make sure you let your manager know if you are looking for a second job. Salary Check with your employer to learn how often you will be paid. Most students get paid weekly or every other week. Typically you will receive a paycheck that you deposit into your bank account. Some employers may offer the option of direct deposit, which means that your salary will be deposited directly into your account. In either case, your employer will give you a salary statement, paystub, or pay slip, which will show the hours you worked and the amount you were paid.It will also contain information about the taxes and other deductions taken out of your paycheck. Depending on your agreement with your employer, you might also have uniform, housing, union membership dues, or other work-related items deducted from your salary. After you receive your first paycheck, review it to ensure there a re no errors. If you have questions about your paycheck, speak with your employer. Remember that you do not pay Social Security and Medicare taxes – if these were deducted in error, speak with your employer. Minimum Wage There is a minimum wage that employers in the U.S. are required to pay. Please note that the wage for some positions earning tips (for example waiter or waitress) may be less than the minimum wage. Overtime At times, there may be opportunities to work additional hours. As a new employee, it is a good idea to accept these overtime hours when possible. Many companies will pay you one-and-a-half times more than the normal wage rate for extra hours. Ask your employer for company overtime policies. Travel If you intend to travel at the end of your Work & Travel USA program, you are free to explore the U.S. for the period of time indicated on your Confirmation of Insurance document. However, when you have approved time off from work during your DS-2019 dates, you a re able to travel. Be sure to talk with your manager about the possibility of taking time off from work for travel. You should always ask for days off at least a week in advance. Depending on the agreement you signed with your representative, you may also have a Travel Period following your official work dates, during which your program insurance coverage remains in place.Your overall Program Dates are those stated on your Confirmation of Insurance Coverage document that you received with your DS-2019, and include both the work period and Travel Period. If you did not sign up for a Travel Period when applying for the program, it is not possible to add this once you are in the U. S. d) Goals. Why students are going to America? Every student has his own goal. Some of them want just to travel, some want to verify their language knowledge and to use it in, some want to buy there the newest gadgets, because they are cheaper in the U. S.Also, what these people want, whatever they just hav e fun, earn experience, find new friends†¦ But sponsors also have some goals too. They’ve written this one: The goals of the Work & Travel program are to: 1. Facilitate peace, tolerance and understanding through international exchange, global adventure and intercultural interaction. 2. Provide an opportunity for young people from around the world to challenge themselves through learning to work, grow and live in another country and culture. 3. Enable young people an affordable option to participate in a quality summer work & travel program. ) Problems with the program. For some one Work and Travel is a profit, for others-it’s a fear. There are a lot of firms-phantoms that take the money and do nothing. In advertisings is written that â€Å"You can travel all U. S. only for 200$†, in other –â€Å"only for 600$†. Is it true? Is it possible to earn more then you give and also make an adventure? No! One of the owners of Work and Travel said that m aximum you need to pay 2300 or 2600 $. It is the bill for some of the verifications. That is some of the tariffs that you need to pay for the program: 1065 $-only to find a job in U.S. A. ,to issue a contract of employment, health insurance,  for a letter of recommendation  to  get a  social security number, ID card Intrax (such as  identity cards), form  DS27  19 (on the basis  of which  offer  a visa), payment  service,  charged by the  United States  from all  participants in the program; 100 $ –  for the services  of the company; 131  $-  for the visa, this amount is paid to  the Embassy;   about 700  $ –  the price  of a plane ticket. In total,  the student  must  pay about 2000 $  for  short-term employment contract  in America.Another problem-every 3-d student doesn’t return home in time of vise. In 2007 the  U. S. Embassy  issued  visa  for more than 5000  students  for the program à ¢â‚¬Å"Summer Work and Travel†. Despite the fact  that one of the  conditions for participation  in the program is  to return  in Moldova on  September 17  , but about 20% of students who left  in summer  2007  in the U. S. ,  did not return  home, and  more than 40%  returned after  the deadline for  the return of  the lectures. Almost all  the rest  stayed  in the U. S. longer than  specified  in the visa  period.Ambassador  of Moldova  in the United States, Nicolae  Chirtoaca, said: â€Å"During the summer period  in the practice  of frequent  reception of the Embassy  included  notices  from prison,  reporting  on cases of  detention and arrest of our students  who come  for seasonal work. One of the reasons  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the excess  specified in the visa  period of stay  in the U. S. illegally, or  change of employment  not specified  in the contract. â€Å"There are  also cases where t he  Moldovan  students  were detained  in the U. S. for petty theft  in large  stores. There are a lot of more scary problems!When you came in USA- you don’t know anybody, you don’t know where you are, how and what to do: you are alone in strange side. When you come in the USA your job offer can cast you, and then you are left there without money, food, house, you don’t know the city, you can lost there without anything, without hope. But there are big advantages! One of them that you quickly become independent, because there is no one who will do your work, you will depend only on you. You are living alone; you must do your work only by yourself. And at last you earn money, which you can spend for travelling or some things that you want.Another advantage is that you learn more about the US culture, life, habitats, and holydays. But there is a big unhappy aspect-you can use Work and Travel program only 2 times, and when you get visa second time, the workers of the firm warn you that it is your last time of using Work ant Travel program. Looking at all aspects, problems and spending, would we use the Work and Travel program? It’s difficult question that needs reasonable answer. If you want to see new places, if you want to improve your spoken English, if you want to learn some thing new and if you strong enough to be alone-you will use this program.We know that there are a lot of people, who use W&T program. I’ve spoken with one some and that is what he tells me: His telling about first operations at his place with his documents: Today has set the seals to summer session and at once has gone, has handed over the student's record-book in Pegas. Like as tonight my documents should go already on DS-form reception. Somewhere in the middle of March means I will go to consulate†¦ It is as usual quiet as a boa. Still today has received one more JobOffer (yes-yes, here such in life not justice, at someone it isn't pre sent absolutely, and at someone it is some).From May, 4th till September, 4th the boss has sent such approximate accounting: MAY: $1650. 00 June: $2095. 00 July: $2285. 00 August: $2805. 00 September $375. 00 (this could be more if I were to extend your employment) Total: $9210. 00 The total amount looks anything so, quite. Especially considering that meal and habitation there the free†¦ Here now it was puzzled, it is necessary to count up, how many I will earn if I go simply in SF for example and I search there for work, I find, I live and take somewhere meal†¦ Nevertheless the variant with CA is pleasant to me more so it is necessary to weigh all PRO AND CONTRA†¦Then he told me about the process in the embassy: On an input the passport you give, write down in magazine. You pass through the metal detector. You go on the 4th floor. There too you submit the passport, you pass through framework. You pass in a waiting room small with chairs further and there behind parti tions two windows where consuls sit as in exchange cash desk for armor glasses. At the left the woman, on the right the man†¦ The man very long asks all and from its party constantly a laughter is audible†¦ The woman works quickly on the contrary. -Hello -Hello Please put your student’s book. What is your speciality? -Computer science in economy -Why do you want to go to the U. S. A? -I like travelling†¦. -Did you travel before? -Yes, I was in Britain last summer – For work there went? (The sense was that, asked again type Sorry? ) -I was on English courses and†¦.. -? -With student visa in Britain I can work only 20 hours, so I work 20 hours. – Put the left finger for scanning. Now the right. Thanks. As whom you will work in states? (Has besides asked again) -I will work on mobile concession unit†¦ food concession†¦ What concession? -Food†¦ selling food. – Type and what to sell that you will be? -Hot dogs, pop corn†¦ -Do you like hot dogs? -Yeeeeees! -Ok. Your visa approved. -Thank you. Bye. All dialogue has occupied on can minute-two†¦ Very quickly all†¦ When There is there that already on the automatic machine ask again Sorry? If It is hardly not clear In life the most important thing is sincerity – learn it to represent and the success is provided. Then he gave me some posts from his blog, which he was writing in the U. S. A: 1)Has once again understood, how badly I know English.Has come on mail and here has understood that I vaguely represent how to tell a phrase â€Å"I should receive a parcel (but hasn't received)†. Certainly I could explain it and me have understood even from the first†¦ But probably impression I make the real guest worker (as in the Russian Federation different Asians). His opinion about disadvantages of W&T if you want to practice your English: Gathered to America†¦ Thought (has been assured): what big city, I want in small American à ¢â‚¬Å"village†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And that there was no Russian for they and in the Russian Federation suffice me†¦Thought I will speak only in an English, to work with Americans and so on†¦ Well also what? Than all it has ended? I live in almost million city which is considered most â€Å"European†, in Russian area, removing habitation at Russian-speaking, my neighbour about the room – Russian-speaking, my flat mates – Russian-speaking, on work at me ALL Russian-speaking†¦ And in addition I write in the blog in Russian and I go to read Russian news and forums†¦ And also his opinion about the USA and the UK: Here 3,5 months I in America (well hardly it is more).Exactly so much I have stayed in last year in Britain. Also that I have noticed†¦ Those 3,5 months in Britain I remember almost every day, all the summer long was one cool adventure. I remember as have arrived, as went to college as searched for work as went on it as we went to Oxford a nd Cambridge as somewhere went†¦ all that was then. Even work is there was an adventure part, a part of knowledge of Britain†¦ 3,5 months in America†¦ Well how to tell†¦ I remember the first 3 days after an arrival, and continuous gray everyday life all rest, routine†¦There are some fascinating moments (which are remembered when you re-read this diary), but also those as though in a fog†¦ That is simply stupid working day after day and any adventures and romanticism. As-it it is not correct†¦ 4. Conclusion. Looking at all aspects, problems and spending, would we use the Work and Travel program? It’s a difficult question that needs a reasonable answer. If you want to see new places, if you want to improve your spoken English, if you want to learn some thing new and if you strong enough to be alone-you will use this program.Work & Travel USA program gives you a chance to be much more than a tourist! Experience life in the U. S. by working side -by-side with locals. It’s a real American experience that also helps to cover travel expenses! Dialogue with the friend who is in the USA. -Hello, Friend! -Hi! -How are you? I know hat you're in the USA. Is it true? -Yes, I'm in the USA! -What are you doing there? How do you get there? -I've get here with help of the W program, and this program had helped me to find work. -Where are you working? -I'm working in a very beautiful restaurant And how is going? -It's a hard job. Very hard. I went through humiliation, because I'm not from America. -It's very sad. -First time it was very hard. I didn't know this city, I didn't know anyone. Every thing was foreign for me. But I found a good place to live. I found Russian speaking people. I found new friends. -And how are you now? -I'm fine. I have heavy but well paid job, I have new friends, I've learnt a lot of new things about the USA. -Wow! You've learnt so much thing being in the USA! How do you think should I try this program? I think that this will give you a good life experience, a new knowledge about this country and about people who live there! Try it! You may go to the one of offices of W&T program and they will give you all the information you need. It’s a real American experience that also helps to cover travel expenses! Bye. 5. Sources. Sites: 1. moldova. usembassy. gov 2. migratie. md 3. en. wikipedia. org 4. myworkandtravel. com. ua 5. simplex. dp. ua 6. workandtravel. su 6. Supplements. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]